Excessive Burping

Excessive Burping Belching is the process of expelling air through the mouth. It occurs normally for all people irrespective of their age and health condition. But for some people it occurs repeatedly in the same day causing embarrassment. When a person swallows too much of air unintentionally the stomach expands for accumulating the air. Eventually excess of air is sent out from the stomach through the mouth causing belching or burping.

Causes :

Number of factors can cause excessive belching. Some people may swallow more air particles while eating quickly or drinking fast. Taking too much of carbonated drinks can also cause belching. Sometimes anxiety can trigger belching when too much of gas is released from the stomach. Newborns and infants are allowed to burp shortly after they finished with feeding since they always drink quickly taking in large amounts of air. They feel comfortable only after expelling excess of air from the stomach.

Some people belch frequently as a habit. For some people it can be due to medical issues like inflammation of the stomach or due to Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disorder (GERD). There are various factors and medical conditions that cause excessive belching. Aerophagia is the process of taking in lots of air involuntarily. Without their knowledge some people swallow excess of air while eating or drinking.

People who talk frequently while eating are prone to more belching than others. People who use chewing gum or candy regularly are likely to swallow excess of air. Drinking beverages that contain carbon, smoking, ill fit dentures and anxiety attack can trigger excessive belching. Having too much of alcohol, carbonated drinks, sugary foods, items rich in starch or fiber can also produce excess of gas causing belching.

Certain foods like cabbage, bananas, broccoli, peas, beans, onions, garlic and cauliflower can cause more gas. Certain drugs given for Type 2 diabetes like acarbose, pain killers like Ibuprofen or naproxen or aspirin and laxatives like sorbitol can cause more gas leading to belching. Certain medical conditions like gastroparesis, gastritis, peptic ulcer, malabsorption, lactose intolerance and certain stomach infections can cause gas and belching. Helicobacter pylori are the bacterium causing inflammation of the soft lining of the stomach which can irritate the cells causing more gas formation. Any ulcers or sores on the stomach or intestine, or on the throat can cause gas.

When to see a doctor? :

Belching is a normal process if it happens occasionally. But people who belch or burp frequently due to heartburn accompanied with abdominal pain should seek medical guidance.

Diagnosis :

Your doctor would order some testing procedures based on your symptoms. If there is abdominal pain while belching he may ask you to undergo ultrasound scan of the stomach and intestine. He would analyze the cause for excessive belching and accordingly proceed with testing process. He may request for abdominal scan, X-ray and CT/MRI scan if necessary to rule out any anomalies.

Treatment :

Your doctor will consider factors like your age, health and list of medications you are currently taking before treating excessive belching. The method of treatment depends on the underlying medical cause or other factors.

Home Remedies :

• You should start eating and drinking slowly. Don’t talk while eating.


• A small walk after eating can help you to expel air easily.


• Lying on your side can help to relieve the excess of gas from the stomach.


• Sit down by bending your knees together and keeping it close to your chest. This position will help you to expel the gas with ease.


• Avoid using chewing gum or candies frequently.

Medical Treatment :

Your doctor will ask you series of questions about your symptoms, eating habits and drinking. He would ask you to maintain a food chart for few days to know the exact reason. If certain foods are causing excessive belching you will have to avoid it in future. If drinking alcohol is the major cause for belching try to reduce your intake. In case if there is inflammation of the stomach he would prescribe suitable medications to treat swelling.

For occasional belching and acidity over the counter antacids can give relief. But for repeated belching you can consult your doctor. If the cause is due to GERD suitable drugs are to be taken regularly and you will be instructed to avoid certain foods that are more acidic. Prolonged belching can affect the normal functions of your digestive system and intestine. Hence you need to know the reason and triggering factors for belching.

Avascular Necrosis

Avascular Necrosis Necrosis is the term used for denoting tissue death in the body. Death of tissue can occur due to insufficient blood supply or complete cut-off from blood supply. It can occur due to radiation, sudden injury and exposure to chemicals. The damage caused by necrosis is irreversible. If the tissue death occurs in the bone it is known as Avascular necrosis. It can cause tiny fractures inside the bone which may eventually cause bone collapse.

Blood supply to particular section of a bone would stop leading to avascular necrosis. In some cases the joint of particular bone gets dislocated causing necrosis. This can occur due to prolonged use of steroids and alcoholism. Often, the hip joint is affected by avascular necrosis and sometimes it can affect the upper leg, upper arm or knee bones. Bone needs continuous blood supply since it is a living tissue. Any interruption of blood can cause death of bone tissue. Avascualr necrosis is also called as osteonecrosis or aseptic necrosis.

Symptoms :

Pain in the joint is the only symptom of avascular necrosis. In the initial stages there will not be any sign, but as the disease progresses, the joint may get affected causing intense pain while making movements. Avascular necrosis does not occur overnight. It is a process that happens gradually causing tissue death in the bone. It might take months together or sometimes even a year for tissue death on the bone. It can affect hip joints, shoulder, upper arm or leg and even your foot. Severe pain is felt in the groin or thighs and you can feel the pain in both sides of the body.

Causes :

When normal blood supply to the bone is restricted or slowed down it can cause avascular necrosis. This can happen due to sudden trauma or injury and due to dislocation of joint. People who undergo hip joint surgery are prone to develop avascular necrosis. People who are taking chemo therapy for cancer can develop avascular necrosis since radiation can weaken the bones and joints interrupting regular blood supply.

Chronic (long term) use of corticosteroids is likely to cause avascular necrosis. Over consumption of alcohol can deposit fat particles into the blood vessels thus restricting normal blood flow to the bones. Inflammation on the arteries and blood clots inside can restrict blood supply to the bone leading to avascular necrosis. Certain medical conditions like Gaucher’s disease, pancreatitis, HIV infection and other autoimmune disorders can cause necrosis in bones.

Risk Factors :

Anyone can develop avascular necrosis, but is common in age group of 30-50 years. People who are alcoholic or involved in binge drinking, people who use steroid drugs for long duration and those who take osteoporosis medications like biphosphonates are prone to develop avascular necrosis. Certain medical issues like lupus, HIV, diabetes and autoimmune diseases can trigger avascular necrosis. Undergoing cancer treatment, undergoing dialysis and kidney transplant surgery makes you prone to avascular necrosis.

Tests :

Your doctor will check the affected joint by gently applying pressure over it. He would look for tenderness of joint. He may order for imaging tests like X-ray or bone scanning to get clear picture of tissue death in the bone.

Treatment :

Bone loss that has already occurred cannot be reversed, but by giving timely treatment, you can prevent further damage to the affected joint and bone. Your doctor may prescribe NSAIDs like Aleve or Advil to get quick relief from joint pain and inflammation. Osteoporosis drugs like Fosamax or Binosto can be given to reduce bone loss. Cholesterol controlling medications is given to prevent blood clots in the blood vessels.

• Surgery :

For severe cases surgical procedures like bone transplantation, core decompression or osteotomy can be done. This method is effective in strengthening the affected bone. For some people, joint replacement surgery is done using plastic parts.

Home Remedies :

Your doctor may advice you to take complete rest if you have avascular necrosis. You should avoid putting extra pressure on the affected bone or joint to prevent further damage. Practice certain stretching exercises recommended by your therapist to improve the joint motion. Electrical current can be given on the affected bone to promote fresh bone growth.

Prevention :

One cannot prevent avascular necrosis but can reduce the risk factors like drinking excess of alcohol and reducing weight.

Achilles Tendonitis

Achilles Tendonitis The term ‘Achilles’ refers to the bone surrounded by group of tissues connecting the muscles of the lower leg to your heel. Any injury to the tendon of Achilles can cause inflammation leading to Achilles tendonitis. It is a common phenomenon that occurs in adults who over use this tendon tissues only for a day or two of the week. There are people who play basketball or any kind of sports only on Sundays or weekends. This can cause swelling of tendon causing intense pain. Often the pain can be managed by self care methods but in severe cases the tendon may get rupture inside requiring surgery.

Causes :

• Vigorous practice of sports activities like running or jumping can cause injury of Achilles tendon muscles.


• Participating in a marathon race without any practice can cause injury to the soft muscles and tissues that surrounds the tendon.


• Using poorly fitting shoes and footwear and putting extra tension on the foot muscles can cause inflammation of Achilles tendon.


• Using certain antibiotics like ciprofloxacin can affect the tendon muscles leading to easy rupture of tendon.


• Increasing age can also contribute for Achilles tendonitis since the tendon would become weak with age.

Symptoms :

• Mild to moderate injury of Achilles tendon can cause stiffness and pain. Often the pain reduces when you start walking but sometimes the pain can increase if you perform any vigorous action involving foot muscles.


• It can cause tenderness and swelling of tendon. Palpitation can be felt on the tendon. There would be intense pain while you move the ankle joint.


• Achilles tendonitis can cause mild pain in the lower leg just above the heel portion after you have completed running or any sports activity.


• Some people can feel intense pain after climbing stairs. Morning stiffness is common with this problem which would improve after you start walking.

Who are at risk?

For reasons unknown, men are more prone to develop Achilles tendonitis than women. Elderly people, people with physical problems in their foot, obese people, people who use ill fitting shoes, people who suddenly take part in any sports events, people with certain medical issues like hypertension or diabetes and prolonged use of antibiotics like fluoroquinone can get Achilles tendonitis. In rare cases the tendon can become weak causing internal rupture leading to severe pain that demands surgical correction.

Diagnosis :

Any intense pain on the back of your heel area can be Achilles tendonitis. Your doctor will apply little pressure on the area to feel any swelling or tenderness. He may request for X-ray of tendon or imaging tests like CT/MRI scanning to get accurate picture of the tendon.

Treatment :

Mild form of Achilles tendonitis does not require any treatment. Applying hot pack on the area can give relief from pain and swelling. You can get comfort by taking pain killers like Ibuprofen or naproxen for few days. Your doctor may prescribe strong doses of anti-inflammatory agents and pain killers depending on the symptoms. Physiotherapy exercises like stretching can facilitate healing of muscles and give strength to the injured tendon. Using orthotic instruments like wedge or shoe insert can reduce inflammation of the tendon and relieve extra pressure on it.

Surgery is the option if there is rupture of tendon. Rupture/tear of tendon can occur in any age group but is more particular in old age people. Sports personalities who are taking part in football or running events can develop rupture of tendon. Any injury or sudden fall can cause sudden stretching of tendon leading to rupture. Your surgeon will repair/correct the tendon and you need to take complete rest until the injury heals.

Home Remedies :

• For managing mild pain on the tendon or lower foot area you can try any of the following techniques.


• Avoid doing any exercises for few days so that the inflammation completely heals.


• Apply ice pack on the area for few minutes and this can be repeated soon after you complete exercise or sports.


• Wearing compression bandage on your foot can reduce tension.


• Keep the foot well elevated to reduce swelling.

Prevention :

Don’t start vigorous practice on the very first day. Always increase the duration of activity gradually to prevent sudden inflammation of the tendon. Avoid running in rugged terrain and wear shoes that are comfortable to your heels giving extra cushion. Practice stretching exercises regularly to strengthen your calf muscles.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that affects your quality of sleep. It can interrupt with wakefulness and control of sleep causing daytime drowsiness. People with narcolepsy disorder may find it difficult to stay awake for long periods during day time. Severe cases of narcolepsy can interfere with your normal routine. Narcolepsy is not related to depression, fainting or lack of sleep but it is a sleep disorder that causes sudden spells of sleep, irrespective of circumstances.

Some people may fall asleep suddenly during any time of the day and they would not have control over it. They go to sleep even during work-time while doing any activity or urgent task. Narcolepsy cannot be cured and often it is chronic. Medications and lifestyle modifications can help you overcome daytime sleepiness.

Causes :

Narcolepsy is believed to be caused by genetic factors. Certain genes are responsible for managing the release of chemicals in the brain that induces sleep. Low level of hypocretin (neuro chemical) in the brain can cause narcolepsy disorder. Certain abnormalities in the brain can affect the normal sleeping pattern. Under normal conditions, people fall asleep with NREM pattern during which there will not be rapid eye movement.

This is followed by deep sleep and finally it ends with REM (rapid eye movement) phase. It is during this phase, one would get dreams and makes muscle movement. However, people with narcolepsy would directly go into REM sleep without having NREM stage. This process occurs at any time of the day or night.

Symptoms :

People with narcolepsy would fall asleep at any time, irrespective of the time and circumstances. It can cause excessive daytime sleepiness which can interfere with routine activities. Daytime sleepiness (excessive) is the first symptom of narcolepsy which may be misunderstood for other illnesses. They may experience lack of concentration, confusion, lapse of memory and fatigue. In some people, it can cause cataplexy, a condition of loss of muscle control. Sudden lapse might occur in muscle tone causing slurred speech, imbalance while walking and sometimes body collapse. Strong emotions may trigger cataplexy condition causing abrupt loss of muscle control.

They might have delusions (seeing objects that are non-existing) and it differs widely from one person to the other. Narcolepsy can cause sleep paralysis for short time making them unable to speak or move suddenly. This condition occurs during the stage of falling asleep or while waking up from sleep. But this may last only for few seconds to minutes and soon they will recover fully. Narcolepsy may occur at any age, but it often begins between 10-25 years. People with narcolepsy disorder may have related sleep problems like sleep apnea, insomnia and restless leg syndrome.

Diagnosis :

Your doctor would observe for sudden loss of control on muscle tone and excess of daytime sleepiness. He may request for special tests for assessing your sleep history for which you may have to stay at sleep center overnight. Team of trained professionals would observe your sleeping pattern. Polysomnogram test would be done for studying the electrical activity of the brain when you are asleep. If necessary, sleep latency test and hypocretin test would be done to measure hypocretin.

Treatment :

Narcolepsy cannot be cured and in most of the cases it is chronic (long term) disorder. Medications are given to manage the intensity of symptoms. For people who have problems in staying awake during daytime, stimulants like Provigil or Nuvigil are given. It acts directly on the central nervous system helping them to reduce the episodes of daytime sleepiness.

Amphetamines like concerta or Ritalin are effective in treating the symptoms of narcolepsy. But it can cause adverse effects. SSRI inhibitors like fluoxetine or venlafaxine are prescribed to suppress the sudden REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Antidepressants like imipramine or protiptyline are given to control the effects of cataplexy, but it may cause side effects. Some doctors prescribe xyrem for managing daytime sleepiness and to improve quality sleep during night. You need to consult your doctor if you observe any changes since it can interfere with other medications also.

Home Remedies :

You need to stick on to your schedule on all the days by going to sleep at the same time and waking up at fixed time. You can explain your condition to your office and take short naps during the course of the day. This would considerably reduce your daytime sleepiness. Avoid using alcohol since it may worsen your symptoms and intensify drowsiness.

Do regular exercise which can help you to stay awake during daytime. If you are planning to drive long, it is better to have your friend by your side since in spite of taking medications you may feel sleepy. Stop driving if you are feeling sleepy or drowsy by taking a break for half-an-hour. By discussing your problem with your friends and family you can carry out your daily routine.

Apple Cider Vinegar and Baking Soda

Apple Cider Vinegar and Baking Soda
Continued from our main Apple Cider Vinegar Page...

As popular as the apple cider vinegar remedies are, for some of us this home cure can be even better, or at least easier to take, with the addition of baking sode to the ACV Tonic. Apple cider vinegar and baking soda in water offers all of the nutritional benefits of ACV in a less acidic form, thereby increasing even further the beneficial alkalizing effect that apple cider vinegar has for the body.

Our in-house medical expert Ted is a big proponent of an apple cider and baking soda tonic as an alkalizing agent and general health tonic, and he recommends it for a variety of health conditions.

Home Remedies: Like the ACV Tonic, the combination of apple cider vinegar and baking soda is enthusiastically recommended for GERD and Acid Reflux conditions. It is also well-regarded for pain and general inflammation throughout the body, as is consistent for alkalizing cures.

Itchy Bottom

Itchy Bottom Itchy bottom is called as Pruritus ani in medical terms. It causes persistent itchy feeling around the anus. You will feel like scratching the anus all the time and it is more after using toilet. The soft skin around the anus area will get damaged and subsequently you may develop skin infection. It can be treated by soothing ointment and topical corticosteroids.

Causes :

Itchy bottom is actually a symptom and not a disease. It can develop due to known causes and unknown causes as well. Skin disease like eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis can cause itchy bottom. You can develop this condition if you rub the anal area strongly or if there is excess of moisture in the anus or if you use strong perfumes or soaps on that area. Certain type of infections like thrush, scabies, herpes and sexually transmitted diseases can spread itchy bottom.

Certain diseases like anal fissure, piles and use of some medications for diarrhea can cause itchy bottom. In some cases the exact cause of itchy bottom is not known. In case you have itchy anus you may gently scrap it or use a scented soap for cleaning it. This may worsen the condition causing severe itching as the skin around the anus develops inflammation. This process is called vicious circle and pruritus ani.

Symptoms :

Some of the common symptoms of itchy bottom are persistent itching on the anus, inflammation of the skin around the anus and formation of red patches in that area.

Risk Factors :

Itchy bottom is common for both sexes and is more for those who are not practicing good hygiene. For no apparent reason it is more prevalent in men than women. An individual who rubs his anal area more frequently can develop itchy bottom.

Diagnoses :

Your doctor can detect the disease by listening to your symptoms. No specific test is needed.

Treatment :

Home Remedies :

You need to keep your private parts clean and dry to avoid itchy bottom. For that you need to bath daily, avoid wearing tight fitting underwear, avoid using perfumed soaps and avoid taking bubble baths. Trim your fingernails regularly so that it does not hurt your anus when you are washing it. Choose only cotton underwear so that it absorbs moisture. Change your panties if you feel it is not dry or clean. Keep a cotton tissue handy so that you can put it in your underwear to keep the anus dry.

Though it is difficult to control the urge of itching, still you need to avoid scratching the bottom often. Avoid taking spicy foods, nuts, chocolate, dairy products and excess of coffee/tea. Avoid taking sweets often. Include high quantity of fiber diet like grains, whole-wheat breads, oats and pulses. Drink plenty of liquids and add fresh fruits and vegetables in your daily diet.

Medications :

Antifungal cream is given for treating fungal infections or thrush. In case of bacterial infection your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Separate treatment is given for anal fissure. For mild to moderate itchy feeling, your doctor may give antihistamines either orally or in the form of creams. For severe cases, ointments that contain corticosteroids are prescribed.

Prevention :

You should practice good hygiene while using toilet. Always use plain unscented toilet tissue. Avoid allergic foods. Keep your anus area dry and clean. Wear cotton underwear so that it can absorb moisture. Do not scratch the area since it can make things worse. Remember to trim your fingernails regularly.

Psoriatic Arthritis

Psoriatic Arthritis Psoriatic arthritis is a condition associated with arthritis (inflammation of joints) where people will develop small red patches on the skin causing stiffness and swelling of joints. Often psoriasis develops first and after few days arthritis may develop but for some people initially they develop arthritis, a chronic inflammatory condition of joints and later they develop skin rashes on it.

This condition can affect any joints and even the fingertips causing severe pain. This disease will have remission period followed by flares. Treatment can be given for managing the symptoms but the disease cannot be cured completely.

Symptoms :

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease where people may have flare-ups (symptoms worsen) and remission (symptoms disappear). Very often the joints on one side of your body get affected. It can affect any joints of the body causing inflammation and pain. This disease is characterized by swollen extremities. The fingers and toes become swollen causing severe pain. The affected person will have difficulty in lifting objects using fingers and may have problems with simple task of writing their names.

For some people there will be back pain (inflammation of joints of the spine) and foot pain affecting the ligaments of the heel and soles of the foot. Due to this the mobility of the person gets affected. The joints become rigid and stiff due to swelling giving intense pain while movement. In many cases, the stiffness is very severe in the mornings which may reduce in the afternoon. The symptoms can be mild to severe depending on the intensity of the disease. For some people it may take months together for showing initial symptoms but for others it can be quick and severe.

Causes :

The main cause for psoriatic arthritis is weakened immunity. The body’s immune system will attack the joints and tendons by mistake causing inflammation and pain. However it is still not clear what exactly triggers the immune system for self-attack. People with family history of psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis are likely to develop this disease. It is possible that physical injury on the joints or bacterial infection (left untreated) can trigger this condition.

Risk Factors :

People having family history of psoriatic arthritis, people having psoriasis with weakened immunity, and people who are in the middle age are prone to develop this disease.

Diagnosis :

Your doctor will look for the symptoms and check the joints for inflammation. He may do a biopsy by removing a small tissue from the joints and testing it in the lab.

Treatment :

There is no cure for psoriatic arthritis and it is a chronic condition. Medications are given to lessen the joint pain and for facilitating the mobility problem. NSAID drugs like Advil or naproxen sodium are given to reduce inflammation of the joints. But long term use of these drugs can cause side effects. Anti-rheumatic drugs are highly effective in slowing down the process of tissue damage on the joints. Some of the common drugs of this category are methotrexate, leflunomide and sulfasalazine.

Since this disease is an autoimmune disorder immune-suppressant drugs like azathioprine or cyclosporine are prescribed for suppressing the immune system. Alpha inhibitors like Enbrel, Remicade and Humira of tumor necrosis factor TNF is given for controlling pain and stuffiness in the joints. In severe cases, the person is given steroid injection for getting quick relief from pain. Surgery is done if the joints are severely damaged by the disease making movement impossible.

Pictures of Psoriatic Arthritis :

Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Psoriatic Arthritis

Home Remedies :

Minimize the use of your fingers. Avoid opening the containers using fingers instead you can use tools or gadgets for opening the jars. Maintain your weight since obesity can give rise to joint pain and inflammation. Make it a practice to go for a walk daily. Walking and jogging can increase blood circulation and improves muscle flexibility. If you have severe pain due to swelling of joints, you can apply cold/hot packs alternatively to get some relief and to reduce stiffness. Reduce your stress by joining yoga class and meditation.

Shigellosis

Shigellosis Shigellosis is a bacterial infection causing fever, diarrhea (bloody stool) and severe abdominal cramps. Most of the time, the symptoms will resolve on its own without wanting any treatment. Shigella can be contracted by other members by touching the fecal particles that contains bacteria. People working in day care centers are prone to pass on this infection by not washing hands properly while changing diapers. Children of age group 2-4 are more prone to get this bacterial infection. The infection can be fully treated by powerful antibiotics.

Causes :

Shigella is a group of bacteria that causes shigellosis infection. This family of microbe was first discovered by Japanese scientist Shiga and hence this name. Though there are many kinds of shigella bacteria like Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri etc. it is the “Group B” shigella bacteria that cause this infection.

There are 3 possible ways by which a child/person contracts this infectious bacterium.

• One is by touching the eyes/nose or mouth after changing the diaper for children and not washing the hands properly. The bacteria is present in the feces of the child which gets into the body by direct skin contact. Toddlers who are not toilet trained may not wash their hands properly and pass on the infection to other children who play with them.


• Second is by eating contaminated food. In restaurants and hotels, people (with this infection) can pass on the infectious bacteria to many people while handling food.


• Third method of transmitting the infection is by drinking contaminated water that contains shigella infection.

Symptoms :

The initial symptoms of Shigellosis begin in a day or two after getting infected. Some of the prominent symptoms of this disease are mild fever, headache, diarrhea (that contains bloody stool) and abdominal cramps. Many people may not have any symptoms but still may carry the infectious bacteria in their feces.

Tests :

Having diarrhea with blood discharge is the best way to identify this infection. Your doctor may order for testing of stool sample to confirm the diagnoses.

Who are at risk?

Toddlers (who are not toilet trained), people who are working in day care centers (handling diapers), workers employed in hospitals, nursing homes, and any group of people who have close contact with others (like those in jails and military barracks are likely to spread infection even if one person is infected) and gay population who are sexually active with other men with infection have increased risk of getting infected.

Complications :

Shigellosis does not create any complications and the symptoms would clear up within a week or two even without any treatment. In rare cases it may cause dehydration (due to continuous diarrhea), seizures (due to high fever), rectal prolapse (due to excess of strain caused by bowel movements), toxic megacolon and reactive arthritis.

Treatment :

For mild form of infection, no treatment is required. In moderate cases you will be given antibiotics like amphicillin trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole or ciprofloxacin. Sometimes the bacteria become resistant to antibiotics when the infection spreads in a community.

It is true that affected child/adult will get back to normalcy within a week, but the bowel habits may take some time to become normal. For some it may take several weeks or month for getting back the right bowel habit. Some people may develop joint pains due to infection of shigella which is known as post infectious arthritis. Good news about shigellosis is any person who gets this disease become resistant to this particular type of bacteria and hence will not get infected again for several years.

Home Remedies :

If you are a healthy adult it is enough if you drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and to arrest diarrhea. In case of children Pedialyte can be given to balance the loss of water.

Prevention :

• No vaccine is available for preventing shigellosis.


• One can take precautions for not getting infected by shigella.


• Workers employed in day care centers should wash their hands thoroughly to prevent spreading infection to others.


• Children should be instructed to wash their hands with soap water after using toilet.


• People who are working in restaurants should abstain themselves from duty if they have diarrhea.


• Do not send your child to school or day care center if they have diarrhea.


• Avoid drinking contaminated water.

Gastritis

Gastritis Gastritis is the general term given for inflammation in the stomach. It can occur due to bacterium or injury or many other factors. The soft inner lining (gastric mucosa) of the stomach is inflamed. Gastritis is of two types namely, acute (occurring suddenly) and chronic (long term). Acute gastritis can be erosive or non-erosive type causing damage of mucosal cells. The intensity of chronic gastritis is found by the appearance of inner lining of the stomach.

Symptoms :

Gastritis can cause feeling of fullness or bloated sensation in your stomach after eating. It can cause burning ache or moderate pain in the upper abdomen which may worsen after eating food. In some cases it causes nausea and vomiting, diarrhea.

Most of the time gastritis will not show any symptom. But the affected person may always feel “full” and bloated with lots of burping and belching. The symptoms are not seen daily but they come and go. If your stool is of different color (black) and you have some of the above symptoms you can fix up appointment with your doctor.

Causes :

Infection is the major cause of gastritis. Helicobacter pylori are the bacteria that affect the delicate lining of the stomach causing infection. It would first infect the gastric mucosa (lining) and further proceed to other areas of the stomach. It may remain there for years being both dormant and active. Prolonged usage of Non steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) can also develop infection. Certain drugs like cocaine and continuous consumption of alcohol can damage the mucosa of the stomach.

Stressful events, allergic reactions and radiation therapy can also cause infection of the stomach. Severe type of food poisoning can damage cells of the intestine leading to infection. There is a thick protective layer which serves as a barrier from the enzymes and acids discharged during digestion of food. Sometimes, this barrier gets affected allowing the digestive juices to enter the lining causing inflammation.

Risk Factors :

Individuals who are once infected with Helicobacter pylori would experience symptoms of chronic gastritis. Some other risk factors include old age, overuse of corticosteroids and pain relievers and alcohol consumption can cause inflammation of the stomach lining. Stress undergone during major surgery or severe injury/trauma to the stomach can cause gastritis suddenly.

Bile reflux disease is caused by the action of bile (an enzyme) which travels through small intestine affecting the layers of stomach. Pyloric valve normally prevents the entry of bile into the stomach but sometimes it may not work properly thus causing the discharge of bile into the stomach. People with autoimmune diseases like HIV, cancer and Crohn’s disease are prone to chronic gastritis.

Tests :

The medical history of the affected person is collected by the doctor before treating gastritis. The doctor would ask a series of questions about the list of medications you are taking and about alcohol consumption. He would collect small tissue sample of the stomach by biopsy for testing the presence of H. pylori. Further blood culture, urine and stool analysis of the person is done for detecting any changes. X-ray and barium enema test is conducted for getting clear picture of the abdomen. Stomach endoscopy is done by passing thin tubing through the throat into the stomach and till the intestine. The doctor would then look for symptoms of inflammation and finally collects sample tissue for testing.

Treatment :

Medications are given either for blocking the acid production or for destroying the bacteria. Antibiotics like Biaxin, Flagyl, Amoxicilin, clarithromycin, and tetracycline are prescribed for destroying H. pylori. Follow the instructions of your doctor for completing the course of antibiotics.

Drugs like Omeprazole, lansoprazole and rabeprazole are effective in blocking the acid production. They are proton pump inhibitors in treating acute and chronic gastritis. However long term use of these drugs can cause damage to your hip bone and hence consult your doctor before taking this medication. Antacids helps in neutralizing the acid produced in the stomach and also gives relief from pain.

Pictures of Gastritis :

Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Gastritis

Home Remedies :

Take small amount of meals frequently instead of eating large quantities of food. It helps in easy digestion and absorption. Avoid taking spicy and hot foods and fried items that can cause irritation to the soft lining. Restrict the amount of alcohol you consume. In case you are using pain relievers consider stopping it or try using alternate drugs. H. pylori can be transmitted through food or water. Hence wash the hands thoroughly before eating and always take fully cooked foods. Follow healthy habits in eating and drinking.

Sinus Infection

Sinus Infection Sinus is a small cavity present within the underlying tissue or bone. They are common found on the nasal cavities and on the bones of the face. When these areas of tissue develop infection caused by virus or bacteria it leads to sinus infection. Sinus is also found on various other organs like heart, under the eyes and on the forehead. Sinus infection is not contagious and is caused by bacteria or virus and other pathogens. It causes swelling of concerned tissue which leads to abnormal mucus discharge.

The air cavities of the nose develop inflammation leading to cough and sneezing. Many times sinus infection develops due to allergic reactions. Antibiotics are given if the sinusitis is caused by bacterium. Acute sinus is caused often due to common cold. Chronic sinusitis can cause complications extending for many weeks.

Symptoms :

Persistent cough, mucus discharge from the nose or throat, congestion in the nasal cavities, sore throat, pain and tenderness in the areas around the eyes and forehead and decreased sense of smell and taste are some of the signs of sinus infection. For many children/adults, cough gets worse during night. In addition there may be fever, headache and body pain. The phlegm produced will be greenish yellow in color with foul smell during sinus infection.

Additional pressure is applied on the sinus tissues which may cause headache for some people. The same pressure can cause itching of eyes, ear pain and bad breath. In case of rare fungal infection it may cause ulcers on the oral cavity and on the nasal region.

Causes :

There is swelling of thin lining of mucous membranes of the nose when sinus infection develops. This additional swelling will not let out the mucus which was previously discharged normally from the nostrils. Sinus infection is caused by viral infection, bacterial or fungal infection. If the symptoms mentioned above continue for more than a week then it is likely to be of bacterial infection.

When the body’s immunity gets weakened for other reasons it can cause fungal infection. Nasal polyps or tumors in the nasal passage, hay fever, allergic fever and tooth infection can cause sinusitis. Certain medical disorders like GERD (a reflux disease), cystic fibrosis and disorders in the body’s immune system can induce sinusitis. Common cold, exposure to allergies like dust or smoke, cigarette smoke can block the nasal passage leading to sinus infection.

Types :

Sinus infection is classified according to the time span the disease takes. Acute sinusitis is one which exists for few days or weeks whereas chronic sinusitis may continue for months together causing nasal blockage and runny nose.

Risk Factors :

You are likely to develop sinus infection when you are exposed to allergic smoke, chemicals, dust, or grains. Any deviation in the nasal septum or development of nasal tumors or polyps can cause sinus infection. People who are habitually smoking are more likely to develop sinusitis than others. In rare cases, sinus infection may develop into asthma attack, if left untreated for several weeks. If the infectious bacteria or virus spreads to the bloodstream it may reach the brain causing meningitis. In rare cases, the infection can severely damage the eye socket leading to loss of vision.

Diagnoses :

Your doctor will physically examine the body looking more particularly on your nose and throat. He will examine the nasal passage to check for any inflammation or development of any polyps inside. He may recommend a nasal endoscopy to inspect the nasal passage clearly. For severe cases, CT or MRI scan is done for ruling out any abnormalities inside.

Treatment :

Often acute type of sinus infection do not require any treatment if it is caused by common cold. You can try home remedies to get relief from symptoms. You can use decongestants in the form of tablets or nasal sprays for managing most of the symptoms of acute sinusitis. Your doctor may prescribe saline nasal spray to clear off the nasal blockage. Corticosteroid medications like Flonase, Nasonex, Budesonide, Nasacort and Beconase are largely prescribed for treating inflammation.

In case of fatigue or fever you can use aspirin or Tylenol for getting relief from pain. But it is not recommended for children. Avoid taking antibiotics since sinus infection is caused by virus. Unless it is bacterial infection antibiotics should not be used. For severe bacterial infection medications like Amoxil, doxycycline or Monodox are prescribed. Once your doctor gives you antibiotics ensure that you are completing the course of the medication. If you stop them after getting relief from symptoms, it can come back within few days.

If the sinusitis is caused by fungal infection, your doctor may prescribe antifungal drugs. If the root cause is weakened immunity then you will be put on immunotherapy. Chronic sinus infection can be treated by taking long course of drugs like Augmentin. In severe cases, surgery is done for clearing/opening the blocked sinus tissues.

Home Remedies :

Most of the symptoms of acute sinusitis can be managed by simple home remedies. You need to drink plenty of water/fluids to keep yourself hydrated. Avoid taking coffee/tea/alcohol since it may worsen the symptoms. Take complete rest to help the body fight against infections which would speed-up the process of recovery.

Warm compression can be applied on the entire face to loosen the blocked sinuses. Try using neti pot or other rinsing methods for clearing off the sinuses. It may be difficult for you to breathe normally while having sinus infection. Hence keep your head elevated position by adding more pillows.

Prevention :

You cannot prevent sinus infection but you can avoid allergy causing environment. No vaccine has been developed against sinusitis. Cigarette smoke in any form can gradually damage the tissues of the lungs blocking nasal passage. So, avoid active/passive smoking. Allergy may be the real culprit of sinus infection and hence you need to get tested for allergic infection and treat the same. Treating the underlying problem is vital to prevent getting chronic sinusitis.

Fingernail Infection – Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, Home Remedies

Fingernail Infection – Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, Home Remedies

Other Nail Infections

Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas is another bacterial infection that occurs between the natural nail plate and the bed of the nail.

Tinea Unguis
Tinea Unguis is ringworm of the nails and is characterized by deformity, nail thickening as well as eventually results in nail loss.

Onychatrophia
Onychatrophia is a washing away of the nail plate that causes it to lose its luster, becomes smaller and often sheds entirely.

Onychorrhexis
Onychorrhexis brittle nails that can very often vertically split, peel or/and have vertical ridges.

Onychauxis
Onychauxis over-thickening of the nail plate – can be caused by internal disorders.

Leuconychia
Leuconychia white lines or spots n the plate of the nail – may be caused by tiny air bubbles which are trapped in the layers of the nail plate due to trauma.

Beau’s Lines
Beau’s Lines nails characterized by lines of darkened cells which are horizontal as well as linear depressions.
Kollonychia
Kollonychia caused thru iron deficiency anemia. Nails will show ridges which are raised as well as being thin and concave.

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Melanonychia
Melanonychia vertical pigmented bands most often described as nail “moles” which normally form in the matrix of the nail.

Pterygium
Pterygium inward advancement of the skin over the nail plate normally happens because of trauma to the matrix because of a surgical procedure or because of a deep cut to the nail plate.
Pterygium Inversum Unguis

Pterygium Inversum Unguis acquired condition characterized by a growth of the hyponychium which if forward and characterized by tissue which is living firmly attached to the underside of the nail plate and contains a blood supply and nerves.
Psoriasis of the nails

Psoriasis of the nails has raw, scaly skin and is often confused with eczema. When it attacks the plate of the nail, it leaves it pitted; dry as well as it will often crumble.

Symptoms

Acute paronychia symptoms are:

• The area which is affected often looks erythematous as well as swollen.


• In the extreme cases, pus can gather beneath the skin of the fold which is lateral.


• If not treated, this infection can expand into the eponyshium and is called sponychia.


• Additional expansion of the infection may lead to the association of both lateral folds as it trails beneath the nail sulcus; this is known as an infection runaround.


• In cases which are severe, the infection can trail proximally under the skin of the finger as well as volarly to produce a concomitant felon. The fulminant purulence of the nail bed generates enough pressure to lift the nail off the nail bed.

Chronic paronychia symptoms as follows

• Erythematous, swollen, as well as tender nail folds without fluctuance are a feature of persistent paronychia.


• Finally, the nail plates develop into thick and discolored with transverse creases.


• The cuticles as well as nail folds can split from the nail plate, forming a space for the incursion of various microorganisms.

Treatment

The most important treatment for infections of fingers or nail bed infections is antibiotics as well as appropriate wound care. The appropriate care of these wounds varies for each of the many diverse infections. This usually ranges from an easy slit and draining of the wound to a far-reaching examination by surgery of the lesion in order to eliminate as much contaminated material as possible.

Several of these infections may be cared for as an outpatient but there is some that do require inpatient treatment as well as IV antibiotics. Because the organisms which cause these diseases are similar, several of the same kinds of antibiotics can be used.

For Paronychia, this wound can be cared for with wound care alone. If any pus is current, it needs to be drained. This can be done in many diverse ways. Normally, a scalpel is used to create a straightforward incision over the gathering of pus to permit drainage. Or the scalpel can be inserted along the edge of the nail in order to permit drainage. For large infections, a portion of the nail may need to be removed. The physician will place the patient on oral antibiotic and discuss home wound care.

Home Remedies

Since infections of the finger do have the possibility to become severe, home care is rather inadequate. A very small infection can be handled at home if the person has no other medical illness to cause complication, for instance diabetes. The majority of these infections need urgent treatment as well as evaluation by a physician. Since any postponement in treatment can result in disability or loss of a finger, the patient should not be indecisive about obtaining medical care.

A simple and small infection will most likely react well to regular warm water soaking and elevation of that hand. If the finger shows no improvement in 1 to 2 days, medical treatment is advised.

Fingernail Infection Pictures

Stye Eye – Symptoms, Causes, Pictures, Treatment, Prevention

Stye Eye – Symptoms, Causes, Pictures, Treatment, Prevention

What is a Stye?

This is a common contamination of the hair follicle of an eyelash, similar to a sore which is comparable to a pimple or a boil. The gland at the edge of the eyelid gets clogged from debris, excessive oil and bacteria and become swollen, irritated and very painful to touch. The stye follows when the bacterium staphylococcal infects one of the small clogged glands at the base of the hairs of the eyelid. This bacterium is commonly moves from one shaft of hair to another while rubbing it to relieve the itching.

Stye Eye Symptoms

Individuals with styes often complain of:

• Tenderness


• Watery eyes


• Pain


• Itching


• Redness round the stye


• Reddish colored bump on eyelid

When the stye first starts, the eye can feel like it has been bruised and can be light sensitive. It may be felt for up to 2 days even before the stye is visible.

In styes become severe, a spot can grow in the center which is yellow, comparable to a pimple. This is known as an “internal hordeolum”, it grows as pus accumulates in the stye. Pain largely goes away when the stye breaks open and pus drains. Several styes do not form this type head, and the pus continues to amass. Some oversized styes can confine the vision.

Most styes swell and stay irritated for approximately three days before they finally break open and drain and then they typically take about a week to heal.

Stye Eye Causes

Some individuals with prolonged blepharitis are very prone to clog glands on the eyelids, where bacteria grow and often infect the glands. The sharing of eye make-up or using excessive eye makeup often creates styes. Old eye makeup that may have bacteria in them should be replaced.
Eye strain is also a major factor in the start of styes.

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Stye Eye Treatment

Treatment of a Stye includes:

• Warm compress – lightly press a warm compress over the eyelid for 10 minutes up to four times each day


• Massage – lightly massage the total area to help haste healing


• Medication –Start with an over the counter medication. Attempt an ointment for example Stye, or a solution such as Bausch and Lomb Eye Wash or pads which are medicated such as Ocusoft EyeLid Scrub. Antibiotic ointments and eye drops help heal infections. If the surrounding skin around the stye becomes also infected, antibiotic pills are probably necessary.

Two important tips include:

• Allow the stye to open up on its own. Don’t squeeze or push open the stye.


• Don’t wear any eye makeup nor contact lenses until the stye completely heals

Complications can occur. If the stye doesn’t heal in a fairly short time period, it may develop into a chalazion. A chalazion normally starts once the oil gland turns out to be infected and creates a blockage. The blockage makes the gland become further inflamed. The inflammation and pain ultimately go away, but a very hard lump or bump stays on the eyelid. An injection of steroid may diminish swelling or an eye doctor can endorse the chalazion be lanced or surgically opened to remove the material inside.

Home Remedies

Use these herbal home remedies at the first symptoms of discomfort, for example, redness, pain, or watering. Some tips for these are listed below:

• Boil one teaspoon of turmeric in 2 cups of water. Reduce to one cup, cool and strain 3 to 4 times thru a finely woven cotton fabric. The extract which is left can be used as eye drops. Use a drop in the infected eye up to 4 times a day. This should help to get rid of the stye.


• Boil a teaspoon full of coriander seeds with one cup of water – basically as you would make herbal tea. Use this as an eye wash 3 to 4 times daily.


• Guava leaves can also be used – warm and place on a warm damp washcloth, and use as a compress over the eye. This should reduce the pain, redness, as well as swelling.


• Dissolve 2-3 granules of alum in one cup of water and use as eyewash.


• Rub the spice clove in water and applied on the stye. This should give relief from the stye and will help get rid of the stye.

Stye Eye Prevention

To help styes from develop:

• Do not rub the eyes. This only irritates the eyes as well as lets in bacteria. If you must touch the eyes, wash the hands first.


• Replace your eye makeup frequently, especially mascara at the very least once every six months. Bacteria grow in old eye makeup.


• Treat infections or inflammations of the eyelids immediately.


• If an individual is prone to styes, regularly wash the eyelids with a small amount of baby shampoo which is mixed in warm water.

Stye Eye Pictures

Pictures of Stye

Swollen Eyelid – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Home Remedies, Pictures

Swollen Eyelid – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Home Remedies, Pictures

Swollen Eyelid Symptoms

Symptoms or signs that can accompany swollen eyelid can include:

• Pain in the eye


• Redness


• Headache


• Itchy eyes


• Blurred vision


• Fever


• Nephritic syndrome


• Loss of eyelash


• Crusty material at the base of the eyelash

Swollen Eyelid Causes

Swollen eyelid can be caused by many problems. Some of these are listed below:

Eye allergies
Eyelids that swell can be due to an allergic reaction. Common items that an individual can be allergic to include makeup, soap, animal sprays, foods or plants.

Conjunctivitis
Commonly known as pinkeye, this is red, itchy and swelling of the conjunctiva of the eye which is the protective membrane lining the eyelids as well as the exposed regions of the eyeball. Pinkeye can be caused by environmental irritants, bacterial infection, viral infections, chemicals, allergy and can possibly can be spread between individuals.

Orbital Cellulitis
This is a rare infection that involves the tissues surrounding the eyes. A bacteria known as Staphylococcus aureus can enter the eye cavities thru a sinus infection or trauma to the region of the eye.

Blepharitis
This is inflammation of the margin of the eye and is usually caused by seborrheic dermatitis which is a skin disorder or bacterial infection. It is characterized by oil production that is excessive in the glands that are located at the base of the eyelashes.

Stye
Styes are normally caused by infections from bacteria that occur in the oil or sweat producing glands at the base of the eyelashes. Often there is a red, painful lump at the edge of the eyelid. Staphylococcus is normally the cause of this infection. Styes are very infectious so proper handwashing needs to be done several times a day especially after touching the eyelids.

Chalazion
This is a problem that can be mistaken for a stye. The difference between these two is that a chalazion mostly grows away from the eyelid edge. The eye duct blockage can develop in the lubricating glands of the eye causing this problem. In the latter stages there is normally the formation of a white cyst-like bump within the upper and lower eyelids.

Sinus problems
Sinus problems can cause swollen eyelids
Renal problems
Renal problems also can cause eyelid swelling. Individuals having this problem on a fairly regular basis need to consult with their eye specialists.

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Swollen Eyelid Treatment

Depending on the reason as well as the severity of the swollen eyelid, an individual may or may not need to seek attention from their eye physician.

• The main thing that an individual should do is avoid rubbing, or touching the swelling.


• Avoid wearing any make-up including bases and powders


• Throw away any makeup that is several months old


• Use a cold cloth on the eye twice a day


• Use cucumbers twice a day


• Splashing cool water on the face


• Use gauze pads soaked in milk


• Antihistamines for allergies

If the individual seeks medical attention, the physician may prescribe any of the following:

• Antihistamine


• Special eye drops


• Ointment


• Antibiotics if there is an infection

Home Remedies

There are numerous home remedies for helping swollen eyelids, consisting of:

Cold Tea Bag
Soak the tea bag in water for 15 minutes, squeezing the extra water out. Then put in the refrigerator for about an hour. Take the cold tea bag and apply it to the swollen eyelid for approximately 10 minutes to reduce the swelling. Can also be done with green tea or black tea as both contain caffeine and tannic acid that eliminates retention of water.

Remove Makeup
Make certain to remove as well as clean all makeup from the eyelids before going to bed.

Cucumbers
Cold cucumber cut into slices and applied to eyelids for 10 minutes. They are high in silicon, water, caffeine acid and ascorbic acid which all help in reducing water retention.

Elevated Head
Sleep with head elevated slightly. This keeps fluid from gathering in the eyes at night.

Ice Water
Dip a swab of cotton in ice water and squeeze the water out. After closing the eyes, place the moist, cold cotton swab over the swollen eyelids for 10 minutes. Anything cold will constrict the blood vessels, therefore reducing swelling

Salt
Eat a diet that is low in sodium as high sodium diets increases the retention of water.

Swollen Eyelid Pictures

Wheezing in Children – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Home Remedies

Wheezing in Children – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Home Remedies

Causes

Common reasons for wheezing can include:

Bronchiolitis
This is an infection which is normally caused by the RSV or ”respiratory syncytial virus” and causes mucus production as well as swelling in the breathing tubes in the lungs of young children. This is usually because these breathing tubes are so small in a child. In infants 2 to 12 months old RSV is the most probable to cause an infected as well as usually starts the indications of a common cold with a mild cough as well as runny nose. During the next couple of days this cough usually worsens and the child can develop wheezing, difficulty breathing and fever.

Asthma
Also known as “reactive airway disease”, asthma is a normal problem with children and infants. The common symptoms of this disease are wheezing, coughing, trouble breathing and this is triggered by tightness as well as inflammation in the breathing pathways of the lungs. This wheezing and coughing is usually worse after exercising, exposure to certain triggers such as smoke, cold air, or other irritants and especially at night.

Aspiration of foreign body
If the child ingests any object, for example a peanut, coin, etc and it becomes lodged in a breathing tube, it can cause wheezing as well as difficulty breathing. This is very common in toddlers who are one to four years of age. This kind of wheezing may be only on one side of the chest.
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Children with GERDs often having wheezing due to the contents of the stomach being aspirated in the lungs or as the esophagus itself gets more acid in it. The symptoms of wheezing and/or coughing usually are worse when the child lies down.

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Dysfunction of the vocal cord
Children with this problem have vocal cords which close improperly and lead to trouble breathing which is often confused with asthma .

Other problems which can cause chronic wheezing include anatomical anomalies, including the narrowing of the airways or abnormalities of the blood vessel, such as a vascular or web ring as well as cystic fibrosis.

Treatment

If the symptoms look like those of acute bronchitis, below are treatments that can be applied.

• Rest


• Pain killers


• Fluids


• Paracetamol


• Heating pad


• Steam inhalation


• Hot water bottle


• Physiotherapy


• Antibiotics


• Stop dairy products as they increase sputum


• Avoid hot water or very cold water


• Fresh air

Home Remedies

Here are several home remedy methods that can help with wheezing in children:

• Pepper, gooseberry and dry ginger mixed in equal parts. Mix this powder with butter or honey making a paste. Apply to the chest area before going to bed.


• Camphor and asafetida mixed in equal parts. Make into small tablets and take with hot water 3-4 times a day


• Mix a pinch of camphor, ½ spoon of asafetida and ¼ glass of sesame oil. Apply it on the chest 2 times a day for quick relief. This home remedy reduces symptoms such as tiredness and chest pain as well as wheezing.


• Soak a small piece of garlic in hot water and sip on it during the day


• Turmeric power is roasted and then given 2 spoons daily with hot water.


• Consume a spoon of jiggery with mustard oil for wheezing – this is considered one of the best home remedies.


• Honey, turmeric as well as pepper is mixed in equal quantity – apply on the chest for relief

These home remedies for wheezing in children can work wonders and give relief quickly. If the child is prone to this problem, it is best to seek the advice of your primary care physician.

Pink Eye – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Remedies, Prevention, Diagnosis, Pictures

Pink Eye – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Remedies, Prevention, Diagnosis, Pictures

What exactly is Pink eye?

Pink eye or conjunctivitis is an infection or inflammation of the transparent membrane known as conjunctiva which lines part of the eyeball as well as the lining of the eyelid. Inflammation causes very small blood vessels in the conjunctiva to be more noticeable, and this is what causes the red or pink cast to the whites of the eye – therefore the name “pink eye”.

The reason for the development of pink eye is usually a viral or bacterial infection, allergic reaction or especially in babies, a tear duct that is opened incompletely.

Although the inflammation of pink eye may be very irritating, it will rarely affect the actual vision of the eye. If an individual believes they might have pink eye, they need to take steps to ease the discomfort. But due to the fact that pink eye may be contagious, it is important for early diagnosis as well as treatment in order to help in limiting its spread.

Pink Eye Symptoms

Common symptoms of pink eye consist of:

• Redness in both or only one eye


• Gritty feeling in both or only one eye


• Itchiness in both or only one eye


• Discharge in both or only one eye that can form a crust during the night


• Tearing

It is important to make an appointment with the eye specialist if an individual notices any symptoms or signs that are thought to be pink eye. Pink eye in some cases may be highly contagious for as much as 2 weeks after symptoms and signs begin. With an early diagnosis one can protect people around you from getting pink eye, get treatment in order to help cope with the symptoms as well as reduce any risk of complications.

Pink Eye Causes

Pink eye causes consist of:

• Bacteria


• Virus


• Allergies


• Foreign object in eye


• Chemical splash in eye


• Newborns, tear duct blocked


• Most cases of pink eye are from virus

Bacterial and Viral pink eye
Bacterial pink eye as well as viral pink eye can affect both or only one eye. Viral conjunctivitis normally produces a discharge that is watery. Bacterial pink eye frequently creates a thick, green-yellow drainage. Both bacterial as well as viral pink eye may be linked with the common cold or with indications of an infection of the respiratory system, for instance a throat that is sore.

Both bacterial as well as viral infections are extremely contagious. Children and adults alike may have either of these kinds of conjunctivitis. But, bacterial pink eye is usually found in children more.

Allergic pink eye
This type of pink eye disturbs both eyes at the same time as well as being a reaction to some allergy triggering material such as pollen. When responding to allergens, the body produces antibodies referred to as immunoglobulin E or IgE. This then produces distinctive cells in the lining of the eyes as well as the airways referred to as mast cells which release elements that are inflammatory, including histamines. The body’s discharge of histamine may produce numerous allergy symptoms including pink or red eyes.

With allergic conjunctivitis, an individual can experience very intense itching, inflammation as well as watering of the eyes –and nasal discharge that is watery with sneezing. Most allergic pink eye can be managed with over-the-counter eyedrops for allergies.

Pink eye caused by irritation
Irritation by some splash of a chemical or foreign type object in the eye is likewise linked with pink eye. Often cleaning and flushing the eye to rid it of the object or the chemical causes irritation as well as redness. Symptoms and signs which can include a mucous discharge and watery eyes normally get better by themselves within a day.

Pink eye risk factors consist of:

• Being exposed to any individual with a bacterial or viral pink eye infection


• Being exposed to any allergen that causes allergic pink eye


• Wearing extended-wear contact lenses

In adults and children, pink eye can cause the cornea to become inflamed and that may affect vision in that eye. Rapid appraisal and immediate treatment can decrease any risk of difficulties.

Pink Eye Diagnosis

In order to determine what is wrong with the eye, the eye doctor will examine the eyes. He/she can also obtain a sample of secretions from the eye for analysis in the lab to diagnose what kind of infection the individual may have and what is needed for treatment.

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Pink Eye Treatment

Treatment of bacterial pink eye
If the infection is caused by bacteria, the eye doctor can advise antibiotic eyedrops for the treatment of pink eye and this infection will normally be gone within a few days. Antibiotic ointment for the eye rather than eyedrops is often prescribed for the treatment of pink eye from bacteria in children. Ointments are usually easier to manage with young children or infants than are eyedrops, although the ointment can cause blurry vision for as long as 20 minutes after applying it. Using either type of drug will clear up symptoms and signs of pink eye with in a very few days. Always follow the doctor’s instructions and use these antibiotics until the total supply runs out in order to stop recurrence of the infection.

Treatment of viral pink eye
For viral pink eye there is no treatment. The virus only needs time to run its course which is up to 2 or 3 weeks. Viral pink eye normally starts in one eye and then the other eye becomes infected in several days. The symptoms and signs will normally clear up on its own.

Medications that are antiviral can be a decision when the physician concludes that the viral pink eye is from the herpes simplex virus.

Treatment for allergic pink eye
If the eye is irritated by allergic pink eye, the physician can prescribe one of many types of eyedrops on the market for individuals with allergies. These drops can include decongestants, mast cell stabilizers, and antihistamines, anti-inflammatory as well as steroid drops. The severity of the allergic pink eye symptoms can be reduced by avoiding the cause of the allergies when possible.

Home Remedies

In order to help manage the symptoms and signs of pink eye while waiting for it to get better, try this:

Applying an eye compress
Make this compress by soaking a lint-free clean cloth in water and squeeze it out. Then gently apply it over eyelids that are closed. A cool compress can aid in relieving allergic pink eye. If the individual is suffering with viral or bacterial pink eye, a warm compress may be preferred. If pink eye only affects one eye, do not touch both eyes with the exact same compress. This will reduce the chance of spreading the pink eye to the uninfected eye.

Eyedrops
There are many over-the-counter eyedrops referred to as artificial tears which can help to relieve symptoms. Some of these eyedrops can contain antihistamines or other drugs that can help individuals with allergic pink eye.

Do not wear contacts
If you are a contact lens wearer, they may need to be stopped until the eyes are better. How long normally depends on what kind of pink eye you have. If you have disposable contacts, ask your doctor if the lenses as well as lens case and cleaning solution need to be thrown out. If you do not have disposable lenses, make sure the contacts are cleaned thoroughly before wearing them again.

Pink Eye Prevention

Use good hygiene in order to manage the spreading of pink eye. For example:

• Do not touch the eyes with hands


• Use clean washcloth and towel daily


• Wash hands often


• Do not share washcloths or towels


• Throw away eye makeup, such as mascara often


• Change pillowcases often


• Do not share private eye-care articles or eye makeup

Even when symptoms of pink eye can get better in 3 or 4 days, children who have viral pink eye can be communicable for a week or even more. Children can go back to school when they no longer have symptoms of tearing or matting of the eyes.

If a child has bacterial pink eye, keep the child from school while treatment is being started. Many schools as well as child care centers require that the child wait as much as 24 hours once beginning treatment before going back to child care or school. Ask the physician if you have questions concerning your child returning to child care or school.

Preventing newborns from Pink eye

Newborn’s eyes are extremely prone to bacteria normally in the mother’s birth canal. The bacterium triggers no symptoms in the mother. In some very rare cases, this bacterium may cause the infant to develop a very serious type of pink eye known as ophthalmia neonatorum, and needs treatment immediately to protect the eye sight. This is why that after delivery, an antibiotic ointment is normally applied to each newborn’s eyes. This ointment aids in preventing this infection.

Pink Eye Pictures

Canker Sore on Tongue

Canker Sore on Tongue

What are Canker sores?

Canker sores, also referred to as aphthous ulcers, are a problem where ulcers develop on the tongue as well as inside the cheeks, under the gums and on the inner lips. These sores on the tongue are not contagious but they are tremendously painful. They are normally red and might have a coating that is white.

Canker Sore on Tongue Causes

The cause of canker sores developing is unknown but it seems that they tend to run in families. They often develop when any of the following happens:

• Being tired or over stressed


• Injury to the tongue with toothpicks, toothbrushes or biting


• Having a viral infections


• Heredity


• Hormonal changes


• Salty, spicy foods


• During menstrual cycle for a woman


• Because of braces on the teeth


• Having food allergies


• Drinking or eating foods or juice that have lots of acid


• Not enough vitamins or minerals in diet such as iron

It is reported that about twenty (20) % of the population – one (1) out of five (5) – individuals have canker sores at any one time. Women are slightly more likely than males to have recurrent cases of canker sores. They can occur at any age, but more commonly in teenagers. Genetic studies report that predisposition to recurrent outbreaks of these sores is inherited in some individuals. This would explain the reason why family members often share this problem.

Canker Sore Types

Canker sores are usually categorized into three (3) groups based on size. These are:

Minor canker sores
Minor sores have a diameter of 1 mm to 10 mm. They are the more common with 80% of all sores being minor and normally last about seven (7) to ten (10) days.

Major canker sores
Major sores accounts for ten (10) percent of canker sore, have a diameter of larger than ten (10) mm as well as taking anywhere between ten (10) to thirty (30) days to heal. They can leave scars after healing.

Herpetiform ulcers
Herpetiform ulcers also accounts for the last ten (10) percent of canker sores and are formed by clusters of multiple small individual sores. They usually heal within seven (7) to ten (10) days.

Canker Sore on Tongue Symptoms

The major symptom of canker sores is a shallow ulcer on the tongue or the inside of the lip or cheek. The sore could be small or large and it usually will have a border that is red and a yellow or white center. There can be more than one canker sore at a time.

These sores normally start with a tingling or burning feeling. They can be swollen as well as painful. Having one makes it hard to eat or talk.

These sores can hurt for seven (7) to ten (10) days. Minor sores heal totally in one (1) to three (3) weeks, but major can often take as much as six (6) weeks to heal. Some individuals develop another canker sore after the first one has healed. Most heal with no scar.
Symptoms include:

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• One or more red, painful bumps or spots that develop into an open ulcer


• Middle of sore is yellow or white


• Normally small – under 1 cm but can be very larger


• Sore can turn gray prior to beginning to heal

Less common symptoms:

• Fever


• General malaise or discomfort


• Swollen lymph nodes

Often an outbreak that is severe can be accompanied by non-specific symptoms of illness, such as fever.

Canker Sore on Tongue Treatment

Treatment is normally not needed. In the majority of cases, the sores go away on their own.

If an individual has a canker sore, he/she shouldn’t eat spicy or hot foods because it will cause pain. Over-the-counter, mild mouth wash or salty water can help. There are also medications over-the-counter to soothe the area that is painful. These drugs can be applied directly to the sore area of the mouth.

These are also home remedies that can be used – some listed below.

For cases that are severe, prescription medication might be needed. This can include fluocinonide gel (Lidex) or chorhexidine gluconate mouth washes. A powerful anti-inflammatory such as corticosteroids also can be used.

In order to stop bacterial infections from developing, brush and floss teeth regularly as well as get routine dental checkups.

Home Remedies

The best home remedy is to mix half hydrogen peroxide as well as half water. Using a cotton swab apply the mixture directly on the canker sore. After that, dab a small amount of Milk of Magnesia on the canker sore, three (3) to four (4) times a day. This will soothe and might also help the sore heel.

Another good home remedy is to mix half Milk of Magnesia and half Benadryl liquid. Swish this in your mouth for approximately 1 minute, and then spit out.

Canker Sore on Tongue Pictures

Inflamed Gums

Inflamed Gums

Symptoms

A few of the symptoms and signs of inflamed gums include:

• Swelling


• Inflamed


• Tenderness


• Pain


• Bad breath


• Gums color can change to pink to bright and flushing red

Gums that are inflamed can become prone to bleeding easily even when only irritated slightly. Therefore, if these gums get irritated, while brushing or eating some food with sharp edges, they may bleed very easily.

Causes

Gum irritation or injury due to brushing harshly is a common reason for inflamed gums. But, such minor trauma or irritation normally doesn’t need any medical care and is prevented with dental care that is appropriate daily. But at times inflamed gums can be a sign or indication of complications which are serious rather than a minor irritation. Some of those diseases include:

• Gingivitis


• Periodontal disease


• Poorly fitting dentures


• Malnutrition


• Some medications


• Scurvy


• Canker sores

Gingivitis is a gum disease that causes gum inflammation that may result when oral hygiene is not managed properly such as flossing and brushing regularly. It is created by food particles deposited in the gaps in between the teeth and gums that are very small. Eventually this creates plaque formation, and over more time, leads to the advancement of tarter.

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All of this creates an environment which is very favorable for the creation of bacteria, leading to infections and gums that are inflamed. Gingivitis may eventually lead to other periodontal diseases many of which also are characterized by inflamed red gums. These periodontal diseases assail the bones which sustain the teeth, causing the teeth to come loose from the gums and in some cases than fall out.

Apart from diseases of the gum, dentures that fit poorly, malnutrition, some medications as well as scurvy caused by a vitamin C deficiency may also cause inflamed gums.

Treatment

If injury or some minor trauma is the reason for gum inflammation, then this condition may resolve by itself without any medication or medical attention. But, if gums that are inflamed are a symptom or signs of a more severe condition then it would need treatment and medications that are proper. In these situations, the treatment for gums that are inflamed is dependent on the causes that is underlying. If it is due to gum disease, gingivitis, then dentists will eliminate the tartar as well as plaque produced in the small spaces between the teeth and the gum. To treat periodonitis, the dentist will as well remove the tissue that is inflamed, along with the formed plaque. So, each precise cause of gum problems can be treated by a different treatment or management options. But, to get any temporary aid from the inflammation and pain, dentists can advise anti-inflammatory or analgesic drugs either over the counter or by prescription.

Home Remedies

There are some remedies to use at home for gums that are inflamed that can aid in easing the pain and/or swelling caused. Such remedies for gums that are inflamed are:

• Saline solution is a home remedy that is excellent for any troubles of the mouth or gums. Gurgling with salt water numerous times each day, will help with a reduction of the pain in the gum as well as speed any process of healing.


• When ice is applied to the sore or inflamed gums it may produce relief quickly from the inflammation and pain.


• Applying a paste made from baking soda and water on the gum can prevent bacteria growth inside the mouth. But, do not massage or rub the gum with baking soda paste.


• Gel of aloe vera is also a home remedy excellent for pain relief as well as gum inflammation.


• Clove oil can be applied to the affected gums. This is a product with known antiseptic properties and may be used for treating various teeth and gum diseases.


• Besides clove oil, tea tree oil also has great antiseptic properties and therefore, can also be used for painful and inflamed gums.

But the really most important management therapy for gum inflammation that is recurrent as well as other gum disease is to manage good oral hygiene maintenance. Brushing regularly with a toothbrush that is soft as well as flossing are the 2 best things that an individual can do for proper dental care. But, individuals who are flossing for the first time as well as those with gums that are inflamed may experience some problems to start with. For example, gums that are inflamed after flossing may bleed slightly, especially when the flossing technique is incorrect. Therefore, be certain that the teeth are flossed in the correct manner and get dental exams regular – at least twice yearly.