Showing posts with label Infections in PregnancyKidneys. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Infections in PregnancyKidneys. Show all posts

Sunday, June 29, 2014

The Basics Of A Urinary Tract Infection

The Basics Of A Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infections are a serious health problem affecting millions of people each

year.



Infections of the urinary tract are common--only respiratory infections occur more

often. Each year, urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for about 9.6 million doctor

visits. Women are especially prone to UTIs for reasons that are poorly understood. One

woman in five develops a UTI during her lifetime. UTIs in men are not so common, but they

can be very serious when they do occur.



The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The key

elements in the system are the kidneys, a pair of purplish-brown organs located below the

ribs toward the middle of the back. The kidneys remove liquid waste from the blood in the

form of urine, keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood, and

produce a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells. Narrow tubes called ureters

carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, a triangle-shaped chamber in the lower

abdomen. Urine is stored in the bladder and emptied through the urethra.



The average adult passes about a quart and a half of urine each day. The amount of

urine varies, depending on the fluids and foods a person consumes. The volume formed at

night is about half that formed in the daytime.



Normal urine is sterile. It contains fluids, salts, and waste products, but it is free

of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. An infection occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria

from the digestive tract, cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply. Most

infections arise from one type of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally

live in the colon.



In most cases, bacteria first begin growing in the urethra. An infection limited to the

urethra is called urethritis. From there bacteria often move on to the bladder, causing a

bladder infection (cystitis). If the infection is not treated promptly, bacteria may then

go up the ureters to infect the kidneys (pyelonephritis).



Microorganisms called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma may also cause UTIs in both men and

women, but these infections tend to remain limited to the urethra and reproductive system.

Unlike E. coli, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma may be sexually transmitted, and infections

require treatment of both partners.



The urinary system is structured in a way that helps ward off infection. The ureters

and bladder normally prevent urine from backing up toward the kidneys, and the flow of

urine from the bladder helps wash bacteria out of the body. In men, the prostate gland

produces secretions that slow bacterial growth. In both sexes, immune defenses also

prevent infection. Despite these safeguards, though, infections still occur.



Some people are more prone to getting a UTI than others. Any abnormality of the urinary

tract that obstructs the flow of urine (a kidney stone, for example) sets the stage for an

infection. An enlarged prostate gland also can slow the flow of urine, thus raising the

risk of infection.



UTIs are rarely seen in boys and young men. In women, though, the rate of UTIs

gradually increases with age. Scientists are not sure why women have more urinary

infections than men. One factor may be that a woman's urethra is short, allowing bacteria

quick access to the bladder. Also, a woman's urethral opening is near sources of bacteria

from the anus and vagina. For many women, sexual intercourse seems to trigger an infection,

although the reasons for this linkage are unclear.



According to several studies, women who use a diaphragm are more likely to develop a

UTI than women who use other forms of birth control. Recently, researchers found that

women whose partners use a condom with spermicidal foam also tend to have growth of E.

coli bacteria in the vagina.



Many women suffer from frequent UTIs. Nearly 20 percent of women who have a UTI will

have another, and 30 percent of those will have yet another. Of the last group, 80 percent

will have recurrences.



Not everyone with a UTI has symptoms, but most people get at least some. These may

include a frequent urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the area of the

bladder or urethra during urination. It is not unusual to feel bad all over - tired, shaky,

washed out - and to feel pain even when not urinating. Often, women feel an uncomfortable

pressure above the pubic bone, and some men experience a fullness in the rectum. It is

common for a person with a urinary infection to complain that, despite the urge to urinate,

only a small amount of urine is passed. The urine itself may look milky or cloudy, even

reddish if blood is present. A fever may mean that the infection has reached the kidneys.

Other symptoms of a kidney infection include pain in the back or side below the ribs,

nausea, or vomiting.



In children, symptoms of a urinary infection may be overlooked or attributed to another

disorder. A UTI should be considered when a child or infant seems irritable, is not eating

normally, has an unexplained fever that does not go away, has incontinence or loose bowels,

or is not thriving. The child should be seen by a doctor if there are any questions about

these symptoms, especially if there is a change in he child's urinary pattern.



UTIs are treated with antibacterial drugs. The choice of drug and length of treatment

depend on the patient's history and the urine tests that identify the offending bacteria.

The sensitivity test is especially useful in helping the doctor select the most effective

drug. The drugs most often used to treat routine, uncomplicated UTIs are trimethoprim

(Trimpex), trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim), amoxicillin (Amoxil,

Trimox, Wymox), nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Furadantin), and ampicillin. A class of drugs

called quinolones includes four drugs approved in recent years for treating UTI. These

drugs include ofloxacin (Floxin), norfloxacin (Noroxin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), and

trovafloxin (Trovan).



Various drugs are available to relieve the pain of a UTI. A heating pad may also help.

Most doctors suggest that drinking plenty of water helps cleanse the urinary tract of

bacteria. For the time being, it is best to avoid coffee, alcohol, and spicy foods. (And

one of the best things a smoker can do for his or her bladder is to quit smoking. Smoking

is the major known cause of bladder cancer.)



A woman who has frequent recurrences (three or more a year) should ask her doctor about

one of the following treatment options:





  • Take low doses of an antibiotic such as TMP/SMZ or nitrofurantoin daily for 6 months

    or longer.


  • Take a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual intercourse.


  • Take a short course (1 or 2 days) of antibiotics when symptoms appear.




Dipsticks that change color when an infection is present are now available without

prescription. The strips detect nitrite, which is formed when bacteria change nitrate in

the urine to nitrite.



Doctors suggest some additional steps that a woman can take on her own to avoid an infection:





  • Drink plenty of water every day. Some doctors suggest drinking cranberry juice,

    which in large amounts inhibits the growth of some bacteria by acidifying the urine.

    Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) supplements have the same effect.


  • Urinate when you feel the need; don't resist the urge to urinate.


  • Wipe from front to back to prevent bacteria around the anus from entering the vagina

    or urethra.


  • Take showers instead of tub baths.


  • Cleanse the genital area before sexual intercourse.


  • Avoid using feminine hygiene sprays and scented douches, which may irritate the urethra.




Infections in Pregnancy



A pregnant woman who develops a UTI should be treated promptly to avoid premature delivery

of her baby and other risks such as high blood pressure. Some antibiotics are not safe to

take during pregnancy. In selecting the best treatments, doctors consider various factors

such as the drug's effectiveness, the stage of pregnancy, the mother's health, and

potential effects on the fetus.



Complicated Infections



Curing infections that stem from a urinary obstruction or nervous system disorder depends

on finding and correcting the underlying problem, sometimes with surgery. If the root

cause goes untreated, this group of patients is at risk of kidney damage. Also, such

infections tend to arise from a wider range of bacteria, and sometimes from more than one

type of bacteria at a time.



Infections In Men



UTIs in men usually stem from an obstruction--for example, a urinary stone or enlarged

prostate--or from a medical procedure involving a catheter. The first step is to identify

the infecting organism and the drugs to which it is sensitive. Usually, doctors recommend

lengthier therapy in men than in women, in part to prevent infections of the prostate

gland.



Prostate infections (chronic bacterial prostatitis) are harder to cure because

antibiotics are unable to penetrate infected prostate tissue effectively. For this reason,

men with prostatitis often need long-term treatment with a carefully selected antibiotic.

UTIs in older men are frequently associated with acute bacterial prostatitis, which can be

fatal if not treated immediately.



In the future, scientists may develop a vaccine that can prevent UTIs from coming back.

Researchers in different studies have found that children and women who tend to get UTIs

repeatedly are likely to lack proteins called immunoglobulins, which fight infection.

Children and women who do not get UTIs are more likely to have normal levels of

immunoglobulins in their genital and urinary tracts.



Early tests indicate that a vaccine helps patients build up their own natural

infection-fighting powers. The dead bacteria in the vaccine do not spread like an

infection; instead, they prompt the body to produce antibodies that can later fight

against live organisms. Researchers are testing injection and oral vaccines to see which

works best. Another method being considered for women is to apply the vaccine directly as

a suppository in the vagina.