What Is Lupus Disease
Lupus is an auto immune disease which affects different organs of the body, joints, skins and internal organs also. This disease is found in both males and female but according to the stats lupus disease is mostly found in females. This is a hereditary disease and it is carried from parents, in special cases lupus disease has nothing to so with family. The normal age group for this disease is from eight to fifty years. Lupus disease is mostly found in Asian and African American peoples.
The main disorder of this disease is that the antibodies starts attacking and destroying the healthy body cells. Most of the lupus disease patients are having this disease because of their family history, but some cases have no family involved in the disease. Certain drugs are also responsible for the lupus disease. Other symptoms are also being related to the lupus disease but only in theory there is still no practical evidence for that.
Symptoms of this disease are very acute, and lupus disease causes extreme pain in joints and other parts of the body. Lupus is well known for causing arthritis in the hands. Patients suffer from rashes on the skin and they also form bruises and painful nodules. Major kidney problems occurs which can even lead to dialysis. In the nervous system part it can cause psychosis, dysfunction and mild headaches. Pulmonary embolism can have blood clots. Chest pain can occur because of heart problem. Heart problem can even create endocarditis and myocarditis. Lupus disease causes several problems in heart and nervous system. Lupus disease causes serious damage to the body regarding internal organs and other body parts. As lupus destroys the healthy cells it is very difficult to predict a perfect area where lupus disease occurs as it can attack any working cell.
There is no permanent cure of the disease and so only the symptoms of the lupus disease can be cured. For different symptoms there are different symptomatic cures, for example pain in joints can be treated by external lotions and anti inflammatory drugs, problems in nervous system can be treated accordingly. The perfect cure of the disease is not at all possible so symptoms are minutely observed and then on that basis medicines are given to the patient. The patients of lupus disease are instructed to live a healthy life style with balanced diet and some daily exercise, exercise helps the body to fight against this disease.
Sunday, June 29, 2014
What Is Kidney Disease?
What Is Kidney Disease?
The kidneys are known be vital body organs which are responsible for performing several important life-sustaining functions in the body. Principally, the kidneys cleanse the body by removing waste and excess fluids, maintaining salt and mineral balance in the blood, and also helping to regulate blood pressure.
When confronted with the question, 'what is kidney disease?' one can simply respond that it is failure of the kidneys to perform the functions that they are meant to perform. This means that consequently, waste products and fluid can build up in the body, leading to swelling of the hands, feet, difficulties in breathing and more commonly, problems with passing urine. This condition, if left untreated, may result in the kidneys failing and stopping to functioning completely. This is a serious, and could be a potentially fatal situation.
To understand properly what kidney disease is, it is necessary to understand the functions and importance of the kidneys as one of the organs of the body. Basically, the kidneys serve to filter off waste products from the blood. This is achieved through an intricate and complex process that the kidneys perform. Due to the nature of the kidney functions, they are constantly removing toxic substances from the body to maintain a balance in the body system. As a result, the kidney is also one of the most susceptible organs to infection in the body system due to constant contact with waste and poisonous substances.
The quicker the filtration of blood in the kidneys, the better their functioning. In understanding what kidney disease is, the basic fact to recall is that with a poor performing kidney, the rate of blood filtration is lower. Likewise, a healthy well functioning kidney is able to filter waste substances from the system at a faster rate.
A healthy kidney is able to maintain the body's balance of water and mineral concentration. These minerals include magnesium, potassium, sodium and phosphorous, which are contained in the blood, and must be maintained at certain levels for optimum body system functioning. Or else, they have the potential to turn into poison, and harm the body. Kidney disease or kidney failure can be caused by reduction of blood flow to the kidneys, kidney damage due to infection, or damage as a result of toxins or certain drugs. This may also be a result of lack of sufficient fluids and infection.
The kidneys are known be vital body organs which are responsible for performing several important life-sustaining functions in the body. Principally, the kidneys cleanse the body by removing waste and excess fluids, maintaining salt and mineral balance in the blood, and also helping to regulate blood pressure.
When confronted with the question, 'what is kidney disease?' one can simply respond that it is failure of the kidneys to perform the functions that they are meant to perform. This means that consequently, waste products and fluid can build up in the body, leading to swelling of the hands, feet, difficulties in breathing and more commonly, problems with passing urine. This condition, if left untreated, may result in the kidneys failing and stopping to functioning completely. This is a serious, and could be a potentially fatal situation.
To understand properly what kidney disease is, it is necessary to understand the functions and importance of the kidneys as one of the organs of the body. Basically, the kidneys serve to filter off waste products from the blood. This is achieved through an intricate and complex process that the kidneys perform. Due to the nature of the kidney functions, they are constantly removing toxic substances from the body to maintain a balance in the body system. As a result, the kidney is also one of the most susceptible organs to infection in the body system due to constant contact with waste and poisonous substances.
The quicker the filtration of blood in the kidneys, the better their functioning. In understanding what kidney disease is, the basic fact to recall is that with a poor performing kidney, the rate of blood filtration is lower. Likewise, a healthy well functioning kidney is able to filter waste substances from the system at a faster rate.
A healthy kidney is able to maintain the body's balance of water and mineral concentration. These minerals include magnesium, potassium, sodium and phosphorous, which are contained in the blood, and must be maintained at certain levels for optimum body system functioning. Or else, they have the potential to turn into poison, and harm the body. Kidney disease or kidney failure can be caused by reduction of blood flow to the kidneys, kidney damage due to infection, or damage as a result of toxins or certain drugs. This may also be a result of lack of sufficient fluids and infection.
UNderstanding The Causes Of Worms
UNderstanding The Causes Of Worms
Parasitic diseases are much more widespread than many people realize. These diseases
affect not only impoverished peoples in remote countries but they also can be important
health problems for rich and poor throughout the world, including the United States.
As with other parasitic diseases, roundworm infections are more common in warm climates
than in cooler, temperate areas of the world. Many roundworm parasitic diseases result
from human carelessness and a lack of appropriate personal hygiene and sanitation
measures. Thus, the best solution to the problem rests in preventing these infections
rather than in curing them.
Roundworms, or nematodes, are a group of invertebrates (animals having no backbone)
with long, round bodies. They range in size from those plainly visible to the naked eye to
those several hundredths of an inch long and visible only under a microscope. Most
roundworms or their eggs are found in the soil and can be picked up on the hands and
transferred to the mouth or can enter through the skin. With the exception of Trichinella
spiralis, which causes trichinosis, mature roundworms eventually end up or reside in the
intestine and cause a variety of health problems.
Nematodes are the most numerous multicellular animals on earth. A handful of soil will
contain thousands of the microscopic worms, many of them parasites of insects, plants or
animals. Free-living species are abundant, including nematodes that feed on bacteria,
fungi, and other nematodes, yet the vast majority of species encountered are poorly
understood biologically. There are nearly 20,000 described species classified in the
phylum Nemata.
Nematodes are structurally simple organisms. Adult nematodes are comprised of
approximately 1,000 somatic cells, and potentially hundreds of cells associated with the
reproductive system . Nematodes have been characterized as a tube within a tube ;
referring to the alimentary canal which extends from the mouth on the anterior end, to the
anus located near the tail. Nematodes possess digestive , nervous, excretory, and
reproductive systems, but lack a discrete circulatory or respiratory system. In size they
range from 0.3 mm to over 8 meters.
Most nematodes feed on bacteria, fungi, and other soil organisms. Others are parasitic,
obtaining their food from animals (such as the dog heartworm), humans (such as the pinworm)
, and plants.
Some of the most common parasitic roundworms in humans are: Enterobius vermicularis,
the pinworm that causes enterobiasis; Ascaris lumbridoides, the large intestinal roundworm
that causes ascariasis; Necator and Ancylostoma, two types of hookworms cause
ancylostomiasis; Trichuris trichiura, the whipworm that causes trichuriasis; Strongyloides
stercoralis that causes strongyloidiasis; and Trichonella spirae that causes trichinosis.
Nematodes that do not infect human intestines are not discussed in this fact sheet.
Pinworms generally find a home in the colon, or large intestine. At night, they come
through the anus to lay their eggs on the surrounding skin outside of it. Sometimes the
worms migrate to other areas of the body, such as the urethra (the tube that takes urine
from the bladder outside the body), vagina, fallopian tubes (tubes connecting the ovaries
with the uterus) or pelvis, causing inflammation. After leaving the colon to lay eggs or
migrate to other parts of the body, the worms usually die, so the infection can be
self-limiting. Often, though, children, and sometimes adults, reinfect themselves.
An itchy anus is the most common symptom of pinworms. It is caused by the adult worm
migrating out through the anus to lay eggs. This usually occurs at night, which is when
the itching will be most intense.
Presently there is no way to prevent pinworms. Treatment is not usually needed, though
parents are often concerned about the pinworms in their children. One dose of a
combination of the drugs mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate is usually given and repeated
again 2 weeks later.
Parasitic diseases are much more widespread than many people realize. These diseases
affect not only impoverished peoples in remote countries but they also can be important
health problems for rich and poor throughout the world, including the United States.
As with other parasitic diseases, roundworm infections are more common in warm climates
than in cooler, temperate areas of the world. Many roundworm parasitic diseases result
from human carelessness and a lack of appropriate personal hygiene and sanitation
measures. Thus, the best solution to the problem rests in preventing these infections
rather than in curing them.
Roundworms, or nematodes, are a group of invertebrates (animals having no backbone)
with long, round bodies. They range in size from those plainly visible to the naked eye to
those several hundredths of an inch long and visible only under a microscope. Most
roundworms or their eggs are found in the soil and can be picked up on the hands and
transferred to the mouth or can enter through the skin. With the exception of Trichinella
spiralis, which causes trichinosis, mature roundworms eventually end up or reside in the
intestine and cause a variety of health problems.
Nematodes are the most numerous multicellular animals on earth. A handful of soil will
contain thousands of the microscopic worms, many of them parasites of insects, plants or
animals. Free-living species are abundant, including nematodes that feed on bacteria,
fungi, and other nematodes, yet the vast majority of species encountered are poorly
understood biologically. There are nearly 20,000 described species classified in the
phylum Nemata.
Nematodes are structurally simple organisms. Adult nematodes are comprised of
approximately 1,000 somatic cells, and potentially hundreds of cells associated with the
reproductive system . Nematodes have been characterized as a tube within a tube ;
referring to the alimentary canal which extends from the mouth on the anterior end, to the
anus located near the tail. Nematodes possess digestive , nervous, excretory, and
reproductive systems, but lack a discrete circulatory or respiratory system. In size they
range from 0.3 mm to over 8 meters.
Most nematodes feed on bacteria, fungi, and other soil organisms. Others are parasitic,
obtaining their food from animals (such as the dog heartworm), humans (such as the pinworm)
, and plants.
Some of the most common parasitic roundworms in humans are: Enterobius vermicularis,
the pinworm that causes enterobiasis; Ascaris lumbridoides, the large intestinal roundworm
that causes ascariasis; Necator and Ancylostoma, two types of hookworms cause
ancylostomiasis; Trichuris trichiura, the whipworm that causes trichuriasis; Strongyloides
stercoralis that causes strongyloidiasis; and Trichonella spirae that causes trichinosis.
Nematodes that do not infect human intestines are not discussed in this fact sheet.
Pinworms generally find a home in the colon, or large intestine. At night, they come
through the anus to lay their eggs on the surrounding skin outside of it. Sometimes the
worms migrate to other areas of the body, such as the urethra (the tube that takes urine
from the bladder outside the body), vagina, fallopian tubes (tubes connecting the ovaries
with the uterus) or pelvis, causing inflammation. After leaving the colon to lay eggs or
migrate to other parts of the body, the worms usually die, so the infection can be
self-limiting. Often, though, children, and sometimes adults, reinfect themselves.
An itchy anus is the most common symptom of pinworms. It is caused by the adult worm
migrating out through the anus to lay eggs. This usually occurs at night, which is when
the itching will be most intense.
Presently there is no way to prevent pinworms. Treatment is not usually needed, though
parents are often concerned about the pinworms in their children. One dose of a
combination of the drugs mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate is usually given and repeated
again 2 weeks later.
Explaining Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)
Explaining Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)
Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) is a genetic disorder that is fatal
unless detected and treated before serious illness develops from copper poisoning.
Wilson's Disease affects one in thirty thousand people world wide. The genetic defect
causes excessive copper accumulation. Small amounts of copper are essential as vitamins.
Copper is present in most foods, and most people get much more than they need. Healthy
people excrete copper they don't need, but Wilson's Disease patients cannot.
The gene for Wilson's disease (ATP7B) was mapped to chromosome 13. The sequence of the
gene was found to be similar to sections of the gene defective in Menkes disease, another
disease caused by defects in copper transport.
The liver of a person who has Wilson's disease does not release copper into bile as it
should. Bile is a liquid produced by the liver that helps with digestion. As the
intestines absorb copper from food, the copper builds up in the liver and injures liver
tissue. Eventually, the damage causes the liver to release the copper directly into the
bloodstream, which carries the copper throughout the body. The copper buildup leads to
damage in the kidneys, brain, and eyes. If not treated, Wilson's disease can cause severe
brain damage, liver failure, and death.
Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 6 and 20 years, but can begin as late as
age 40. The most characteristic sign is the Kayser-Fleischer ring--a rusty brown ring
around the cornea of the eye that can be seen only through an eye exam. Other signs depend
on whether the damage occurs in the liver, blood, central nervous system, urinary system,
or musculoskeletal system. Many signs would be detected only by a doctor, like swelling of
the liver and spleen; fluid buildup in the lining of the abdomen;
anemia; low platelet and white blood cell count in the blood; high levels of amino acids,
protein, uric acid, and carbohydrates in urine; and softening of the bones. Some symptoms
are more obvious, like jaundice, which appears as yellowing of the eyes and skin; vomiting
blood; speech and language problems; tremors in the arms and hands; and rigid muscles.
The disease is treated with lifelong use of D-penicillamine or trientine hydrochloride,
drugs that help remove copper from tissue. Patients will also need to take vitamin B6 and
follow a low-copper diet, which means avoiding mushrooms, nuts, chocolate, dried fruit,
liver, and shellfish. Taking extra zinc may be helpful in blocking the intestines'
absorption of copper.
Zinc and Vitamin C supplementation increases the excretion of copper. With the use of
oral binders of copper eg penicillamine, Vitamin B6, and multi mineral must be taken to
reduce side effects of this drug. Iron and zinc are also bound by this binder.
The newest FDA-approved drug is zinc acetate (Galzin). Zinc acts by blocking the
absorption of copper in the intestinal tract. This action both depletes accumulated copper
and prevents it reaccumulation. Zinc's effectiveness has been shown by 15 years of
considerable experience overseas. A major advantage of zinc therapy is its lack of side
effects.
The
nutrients mentioned above reflect the major nutritional supplements
that may help the condition. Please do remember however that
nutritional supplementation is an adjunct to medical treatment and in
no way replaces medical treatment.
Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) is a genetic disorder that is fatal
unless detected and treated before serious illness develops from copper poisoning.
Wilson's Disease affects one in thirty thousand people world wide. The genetic defect
causes excessive copper accumulation. Small amounts of copper are essential as vitamins.
Copper is present in most foods, and most people get much more than they need. Healthy
people excrete copper they don't need, but Wilson's Disease patients cannot.
The gene for Wilson's disease (ATP7B) was mapped to chromosome 13. The sequence of the
gene was found to be similar to sections of the gene defective in Menkes disease, another
disease caused by defects in copper transport.
The liver of a person who has Wilson's disease does not release copper into bile as it
should. Bile is a liquid produced by the liver that helps with digestion. As the
intestines absorb copper from food, the copper builds up in the liver and injures liver
tissue. Eventually, the damage causes the liver to release the copper directly into the
bloodstream, which carries the copper throughout the body. The copper buildup leads to
damage in the kidneys, brain, and eyes. If not treated, Wilson's disease can cause severe
brain damage, liver failure, and death.
Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 6 and 20 years, but can begin as late as
age 40. The most characteristic sign is the Kayser-Fleischer ring--a rusty brown ring
around the cornea of the eye that can be seen only through an eye exam. Other signs depend
on whether the damage occurs in the liver, blood, central nervous system, urinary system,
or musculoskeletal system. Many signs would be detected only by a doctor, like swelling of
the liver and spleen; fluid buildup in the lining of the abdomen;
anemia; low platelet and white blood cell count in the blood; high levels of amino acids,
protein, uric acid, and carbohydrates in urine; and softening of the bones. Some symptoms
are more obvious, like jaundice, which appears as yellowing of the eyes and skin; vomiting
blood; speech and language problems; tremors in the arms and hands; and rigid muscles.
The disease is treated with lifelong use of D-penicillamine or trientine hydrochloride,
drugs that help remove copper from tissue. Patients will also need to take vitamin B6 and
follow a low-copper diet, which means avoiding mushrooms, nuts, chocolate, dried fruit,
liver, and shellfish. Taking extra zinc may be helpful in blocking the intestines'
absorption of copper.
Zinc and Vitamin C supplementation increases the excretion of copper. With the use of
oral binders of copper eg penicillamine, Vitamin B6, and multi mineral must be taken to
reduce side effects of this drug. Iron and zinc are also bound by this binder.
The newest FDA-approved drug is zinc acetate (Galzin). Zinc acts by blocking the
absorption of copper in the intestinal tract. This action both depletes accumulated copper
and prevents it reaccumulation. Zinc's effectiveness has been shown by 15 years of
considerable experience overseas. A major advantage of zinc therapy is its lack of side
effects.
The
nutrients mentioned above reflect the major nutritional supplements
that may help the condition. Please do remember however that
nutritional supplementation is an adjunct to medical treatment and in
no way replaces medical treatment.
Preventing Yellow Nail Syndrome With Proper Nutrition
Preventing Yellow Nail Syndrome With Proper Nutrition
Fungal infections make up approximately 50 percent of all nail disorders and can be
difficult to treat. More common in toenails than fingernails, they often cause the end of
the nail to separate from the nail bed. Additionally, debris -- white, green, yellow or
black -- may build up under the nail plate and discolor the nail bed. The top of the nail
or the skin at the base of the nail can also be affected. Toenails are more susceptible to
fungal infections because they are confined in a warm, moist, bearing environment.
The nails can reveal much about a person's overall health. Many diseases and serious
conditions can be detected by changes in the nails. Most doctors will check the nails
carefully during a physical examination.
The Yellow Nail Syndrome is a poorly understood syndrome in which hypoplasia of the
lymphatics causes the triad of yellow discoloration and dystrophy of the nails, lymphedema
of the lower extremities, and bilateral pleural effusions. The underlying cause of the
syndrome is unknown, but congenital, hereditary, and paraneoplastic causes have been
suggested.
The YNS is a rare condition. The incidence of this condition in the general population
is not known; the pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Pathologic examination of
pleurectomy specimens from YNS patients have suggested lymphatic hypoplasia, or even frank
absence of lymphatic vessels as the cause. It is believed that the pleural effusions and
peripheral lymphedema are due to the same defect in the lymphatics. Lymphatic stasis in
the lower extremities has been demonstrated in YNS patients; such stasis has been
demonstrated lympho-graphically, revealing a variety of hypoplastic abnormalities. While
no data exists concerning the status of lymphatics of the genitalia in these patients, it
would not be unreasonable to assume that the pelvic lymphatic channels were similarly
hypoplastic.
YNS may be associated with swelling of the hands and feet, a variety of respiratory
diseases such as chronic bronchitis (Yellowing and thickening of the nail, slowed growth
rate) or Diabetes (Yellowish nails, with a slight blush at the base).
Vitamins have been increasingly used to prevent and treat a variety of skin disorders.
A new study in the October '99 issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
suggests that vitamins A, C and E are increasingly important because of their antioxidant
capabilities.
The three antioxidants most commonly found in antioxidant supplements are vitamins A, C
and E. Each works independently and in conjunction with other vitamins to reduce the
effects of free radicals.
Vitamin A is found in many yellow and green vegetables, egg yolk, butter, liver and
fish oils. Retinoids, the active ingredient in Vitamin A, are more commonly known as
retinol in topical skin creams, lotions and ointments.
Retinoids, whether synthetic or natural, have many important biological effects such as
regulating growth and differentiation in cells, diminishing malignant cell growth and
strengthening the immune system. Most retinoid research has focused on acne treatments,
the main treatment use of the compound since 1971.
Recently, multiple controlled studies have shown that retinoids can reduce and prevent
wrinkles, brown spots and actinic keratoses. Patients reported noticeable improvement in
skin texture and tone after starting a retinoic acid treatment program. The positive
results can be reversed, however, if the patient discontinues topical application of the
retinol products. At one time, retinoids were only available in prescription treatments.
Now, many retinoids are available in over-the-counter preparations.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), found in vegetables and citrus fruits, is considered by
researchers to be the most important antioxidant in numerous cellular activities. It acts
as an antioxidant by scavenging and quenching free radicals throughout the body.
Vitamin E is present in vegetables, oils, seeds, corn, soy, whole wheat flour,
margarine, nuts, and some meats and dairy products. The antioxidant properties of vitamin
E are well-documented, especially in relation to plasma and red blood cells. Vitamin E may
also be important in reducing sunburn severity, as well as the lines and wrinkles
associated with sun exposure.
The effects of vitamins A, C and E in the prevention and treatment of skin cancers show
that each works independently to reduce skin cancers. They also work together to help
prevent the formation of new lesions. Vitamin A was effective in the treatment of some
premalignant and malignant skin conditions. The current consensus is that it probably does
not cure skin cancer, but treatment may prevent the formation of new lesions as long as
therapy is continued. This was true for a variety of skin cancers ranging from malignant
basal cell carcinomas to premalignant actinic keratoses lesions when treated with oral
retinoids.
One study found that regular supplements of both vitamins A and E were associated with
a 70% reduced risk for basal cell carcinomas. In addition, an increase in dietary vitamin
C has been shown to reduce UV-induced tumors in mice.
Wound healing is an important indicator of skin health. To enhance wound healing, it is
important that patients receive adequate amounts of each vitamin. Patients whose bodies
are vitamin A deficient experience diminished wound healing, which is correctable by
vitamin A supplementation. Vitamin C is considered critical in wound healing because it
acts as a cofactor for several enzymes, which stabilize collagen.
Through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, topical vitamin E may enhance
would healing, although the benefits remain controversial. More research is needed to
determine if and how vitamin E supports the wound healing process.
The
nutrients mentioned above reflect the major nutritional supplements
that may help the condition. Please do remember however that
nutritional supplementation is an adjunct to medical treatment and in
no way replaces medical treatment.
- Beer, D.J.; Pereira, W.; Snider, F.L. Pleural effusion associated with primary
lymphedema: A perspective on the Yellow Nail Syndrome. Am Rev.
Respir. Dis. 117: 595-599; 1978.
Fungal infections make up approximately 50 percent of all nail disorders and can be
difficult to treat. More common in toenails than fingernails, they often cause the end of
the nail to separate from the nail bed. Additionally, debris -- white, green, yellow or
black -- may build up under the nail plate and discolor the nail bed. The top of the nail
or the skin at the base of the nail can also be affected. Toenails are more susceptible to
fungal infections because they are confined in a warm, moist, bearing environment.
The nails can reveal much about a person's overall health. Many diseases and serious
conditions can be detected by changes in the nails. Most doctors will check the nails
carefully during a physical examination.
The Yellow Nail Syndrome is a poorly understood syndrome in which hypoplasia of the
lymphatics causes the triad of yellow discoloration and dystrophy of the nails, lymphedema
of the lower extremities, and bilateral pleural effusions. The underlying cause of the
syndrome is unknown, but congenital, hereditary, and paraneoplastic causes have been
suggested.
The YNS is a rare condition. The incidence of this condition in the general population
is not known; the pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Pathologic examination of
pleurectomy specimens from YNS patients have suggested lymphatic hypoplasia, or even frank
absence of lymphatic vessels as the cause. It is believed that the pleural effusions and
peripheral lymphedema are due to the same defect in the lymphatics. Lymphatic stasis in
the lower extremities has been demonstrated in YNS patients; such stasis has been
demonstrated lympho-graphically, revealing a variety of hypoplastic abnormalities. While
no data exists concerning the status of lymphatics of the genitalia in these patients, it
would not be unreasonable to assume that the pelvic lymphatic channels were similarly
hypoplastic.
YNS may be associated with swelling of the hands and feet, a variety of respiratory
diseases such as chronic bronchitis (Yellowing and thickening of the nail, slowed growth
rate) or Diabetes (Yellowish nails, with a slight blush at the base).
Vitamins have been increasingly used to prevent and treat a variety of skin disorders.
A new study in the October '99 issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
suggests that vitamins A, C and E are increasingly important because of their antioxidant
capabilities.
The three antioxidants most commonly found in antioxidant supplements are vitamins A, C
and E. Each works independently and in conjunction with other vitamins to reduce the
effects of free radicals.
Vitamin A is found in many yellow and green vegetables, egg yolk, butter, liver and
fish oils. Retinoids, the active ingredient in Vitamin A, are more commonly known as
retinol in topical skin creams, lotions and ointments.
Retinoids, whether synthetic or natural, have many important biological effects such as
regulating growth and differentiation in cells, diminishing malignant cell growth and
strengthening the immune system. Most retinoid research has focused on acne treatments,
the main treatment use of the compound since 1971.
Recently, multiple controlled studies have shown that retinoids can reduce and prevent
wrinkles, brown spots and actinic keratoses. Patients reported noticeable improvement in
skin texture and tone after starting a retinoic acid treatment program. The positive
results can be reversed, however, if the patient discontinues topical application of the
retinol products. At one time, retinoids were only available in prescription treatments.
Now, many retinoids are available in over-the-counter preparations.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), found in vegetables and citrus fruits, is considered by
researchers to be the most important antioxidant in numerous cellular activities. It acts
as an antioxidant by scavenging and quenching free radicals throughout the body.
Vitamin E is present in vegetables, oils, seeds, corn, soy, whole wheat flour,
margarine, nuts, and some meats and dairy products. The antioxidant properties of vitamin
E are well-documented, especially in relation to plasma and red blood cells. Vitamin E may
also be important in reducing sunburn severity, as well as the lines and wrinkles
associated with sun exposure.
The effects of vitamins A, C and E in the prevention and treatment of skin cancers show
that each works independently to reduce skin cancers. They also work together to help
prevent the formation of new lesions. Vitamin A was effective in the treatment of some
premalignant and malignant skin conditions. The current consensus is that it probably does
not cure skin cancer, but treatment may prevent the formation of new lesions as long as
therapy is continued. This was true for a variety of skin cancers ranging from malignant
basal cell carcinomas to premalignant actinic keratoses lesions when treated with oral
retinoids.
One study found that regular supplements of both vitamins A and E were associated with
a 70% reduced risk for basal cell carcinomas. In addition, an increase in dietary vitamin
C has been shown to reduce UV-induced tumors in mice.
Wound healing is an important indicator of skin health. To enhance wound healing, it is
important that patients receive adequate amounts of each vitamin. Patients whose bodies
are vitamin A deficient experience diminished wound healing, which is correctable by
vitamin A supplementation. Vitamin C is considered critical in wound healing because it
acts as a cofactor for several enzymes, which stabilize collagen.
Through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, topical vitamin E may enhance
would healing, although the benefits remain controversial. More research is needed to
determine if and how vitamin E supports the wound healing process.
The
nutrients mentioned above reflect the major nutritional supplements
that may help the condition. Please do remember however that
nutritional supplementation is an adjunct to medical treatment and in
no way replaces medical treatment.
- Beer, D.J.; Pereira, W.; Snider, F.L. Pleural effusion associated with primary
lymphedema: A perspective on the Yellow Nail Syndrome. Am Rev.
Respir. Dis. 117: 595-599; 1978.
Treating Wounds
Treating Wounds
A wound is a break in the tissues of the body. Some injuries, like cuts and scrapes,
are called open wounds; others, like deep bruises, are called closed wounds. They are
usually caused by external forces such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, and the
mishandling of sharp objects, tools, machinery and weapons.
All wounds need first aid (and medical attention if the wound is serious) in order to
ensure proper healing and to avoid infection.
For the last several years, evidence has suggested that chronic wounds may be growth
factor deficient or represent a microenvironment hostile to the repair process. More
recently, however, there is new evidence suggesting that wounds may not necessarily be
deficient in
growth factors, but that the stimulatory action of the peptides may be prevented from
being expressed.
Matrix degrading proteinases are proenzymes that need to be activated and are
considered to be the physiologic mediators of matrix degradation. The prototypic one is
interstitial collagenase, but there are at least ten of these enzymes that are secreted as
zymogens. Stimulated by growth factors and by extracellular matrix, they all utilize zinc
with a zinc atom binding at the center of the molecule at a conserved sequence. They are
stabilized by calcium and inhibited by various chelators such as the tissue inhibitor of
metalloproteinase. It is clear that collagenases are present in acute wounds, but little
or nothing is known about their possible role in chronic wounds.
Chronic wounds, including pressure ulcers and venous ulcers, are characterized by the
presence of fibrin within the wound bed and surrounding tissues. Fibrin accumulation in
acute wounds is removed within days, but it is not degraded in chronic wounds. Knowledge
of the process of fibrin formation and polymerization that has accumulated in recent years
may provide the basis for understanding the persistence of fibrin in chronic wounds. The
role of fibrin retention and the adherence of other molecules to it in interacting
with cytokines and growth factors in the wound healing process have just begun to be
investigated.
An important focus of wound healing research is the improvement of
patient care through the interdisciplinary collaboration between
clinicians and basic scientists. Restoration of physical integrity and
function of the injured or diseased tissue can best be
accomplished by integrating bio/molecular technology with clinical
treatments as clinicians and basic scientists work together. Examples
to encourage opportunities for clinicians to collaborate with basic
scientists include:
Serious complications may occur to neglected wounds and, at times, even the best cared for
wounds. If you notice any of these signs when examining your wounds, you should see a
doctor immediately:
Always wash your hands with soap before and after giving first aid in order to avoid
infection.
The following types of wounds are more likely to become infected: bites, punctures,
crushing injuries, dirty wounds, wounds on the feet, and wounds that do not receive prompt
medical attention.
Scrapes and abrasions are superficial injuries to the skin and mucous membranes.
Although scrapes and abrasions are relatively minor injuries, like all open wounds they
are painful and highly susceptible to infection. Following an abrasion or scrape, a
physician should be consulted about antitetanus injections. If dust and grit are left in
the wound, scars may form on the skin. Any foreign matter should be removed before the
wound has healed.
Clean the abrasion with soap and water, and rinse thoroughly. If the victim has other
injuries or extensive abrasions, summon medical aid. Do not remove any scabs that may form
over the injury. They will fall off when the wound has healed. If scabs are removed before
the wound has fully healed, the abrasion may begin to bleed again.
The list below includes wound care medications and other helpful items. Remember, if
you have a serious injury or illness, you should seek professional medical attention.
Wood sage, chickweed, goldenseal, myrrh, echinacea, slippery elm; effective as
poultices and/or washes.
See also: Skin Wounds
A wound is a break in the tissues of the body. Some injuries, like cuts and scrapes,
are called open wounds; others, like deep bruises, are called closed wounds. They are
usually caused by external forces such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, and the
mishandling of sharp objects, tools, machinery and weapons.
All wounds need first aid (and medical attention if the wound is serious) in order to
ensure proper healing and to avoid infection.
For the last several years, evidence has suggested that chronic wounds may be growth
factor deficient or represent a microenvironment hostile to the repair process. More
recently, however, there is new evidence suggesting that wounds may not necessarily be
deficient in
growth factors, but that the stimulatory action of the peptides may be prevented from
being expressed.
Matrix degrading proteinases are proenzymes that need to be activated and are
considered to be the physiologic mediators of matrix degradation. The prototypic one is
interstitial collagenase, but there are at least ten of these enzymes that are secreted as
zymogens. Stimulated by growth factors and by extracellular matrix, they all utilize zinc
with a zinc atom binding at the center of the molecule at a conserved sequence. They are
stabilized by calcium and inhibited by various chelators such as the tissue inhibitor of
metalloproteinase. It is clear that collagenases are present in acute wounds, but little
or nothing is known about their possible role in chronic wounds.
Chronic wounds, including pressure ulcers and venous ulcers, are characterized by the
presence of fibrin within the wound bed and surrounding tissues. Fibrin accumulation in
acute wounds is removed within days, but it is not degraded in chronic wounds. Knowledge
of the process of fibrin formation and polymerization that has accumulated in recent years
may provide the basis for understanding the persistence of fibrin in chronic wounds. The
role of fibrin retention and the adherence of other molecules to it in interacting
with cytokines and growth factors in the wound healing process have just begun to be
investigated.
An important focus of wound healing research is the improvement of
patient care through the interdisciplinary collaboration between
clinicians and basic scientists. Restoration of physical integrity and
function of the injured or diseased tissue can best be
accomplished by integrating bio/molecular technology with clinical
treatments as clinicians and basic scientists work together. Examples
to encourage opportunities for clinicians to collaborate with basic
scientists include:
- Investigations designed to determine the biological or molecular
reason for successful wound healing with currently used clinical
therapies, such as electrical stimulation, laser, or nutritional
regimens. For example, clinicians have reported faster healing of
pressure sores with patients on high protein diets. In order to
identify the pivotal amino acid, methionine, cysteine, or arginine
might be studied. Because zinc is a necessary cofactor of DNA
polymerase and reverse transcriptase, studies could be pursued to
determine whether or not the healing impairment associated with zinc
deficiency is due to an inhibition of cellular proliferation. - Investigations designed to identify specific biological/molecular
markers that could be used to define standardized outcome measures.
For example, various dressings such as hydrocolloid, polyvinyldiene,
polyethylene, polyurethane, and human skin are used in health care
facilities to increase the rate of epithelial healing. Can serum
protease inhibitors or tissue inhibitors be identified in the fluid
of chronic wounds to standardize use of specific wound cleansers and
dressings in the treatment of pressure sores/venous leg ulcers?
Serious complications may occur to neglected wounds and, at times, even the best cared for
wounds. If you notice any of these signs when examining your wounds, you should see a
doctor immediately:
- Redness, excessive swelling, or tenderness in the wound area
- Throbbing pain or tenderness in the wound area
- Red streaks in the skin around the wound or progressing away from the wound
- Pus or watery discharge collected beneath the skin or draining from the wound
- Tender lumps or swelling in your armpit, groin or neck
- Foul odor from the wound
- Generalized chills or fever
Always wash your hands with soap before and after giving first aid in order to avoid
infection.
The following types of wounds are more likely to become infected: bites, punctures,
crushing injuries, dirty wounds, wounds on the feet, and wounds that do not receive prompt
medical attention.
Scrapes and abrasions are superficial injuries to the skin and mucous membranes.
Although scrapes and abrasions are relatively minor injuries, like all open wounds they
are painful and highly susceptible to infection. Following an abrasion or scrape, a
physician should be consulted about antitetanus injections. If dust and grit are left in
the wound, scars may form on the skin. Any foreign matter should be removed before the
wound has healed.
Clean the abrasion with soap and water, and rinse thoroughly. If the victim has other
injuries or extensive abrasions, summon medical aid. Do not remove any scabs that may form
over the injury. They will fall off when the wound has healed. If scabs are removed before
the wound has fully healed, the abrasion may begin to bleed again.
The list below includes wound care medications and other helpful items. Remember, if
you have a serious injury or illness, you should seek professional medical attention.
- Analgesic - preferably acetminophen
- Antacid
- Anti-inflammatory - preferably Ibuprofen
- Calamine lotion
- Expectorant cough syrup
- Decongestant (pseudoephedrine)
- Ointment
- Antiseptic solution (Hydrogen Peroxide)
- Petroleum jelly
- Sunscreen (SPF-15 or higher)
Wood sage, chickweed, goldenseal, myrrh, echinacea, slippery elm; effective as
poultices and/or washes.
See also: Skin Wounds
What Is Crohn's Disease
What Is Crohn's Disease
Crohn's disease is basically an inflammatory disease of the alimentary canal. The inflammation is of the granulomatous variety and is characterized by non specific inflammatory spots. The location of the disease can be anywhere along the alimentary tract, beginning from the mouth or the buccal cavity to the anus.
Previously it was known as Regional Ileitis or Enteritis. But those were misnomers considering the fact that the inflammation is not confined to the small or the large intestine.
Aetiology:
The exact causes or Aetiology of Crohn's disease is unknown. But several factors like Infections, usage of Oral contraceptives, Smoking and Abnormal immunological responses of the body have all been found to contribute to the cause of Crohn's disease.
Clinical features:
The Crohn's disease likes to surprise its patients by several unwarned exacerbations and remissions. The main symptoms are as listed below:
Pain:
Pain is frequently complained of in the lower abdomen, on the right side. The pain may be accompanied by local tenderness. On palpation, a lump or mass may be felt by the attending physician. The pains may come repeatedly, and in case of acute exacerbations, there may be loose and formed stools, with attending fever.
Diarrhea:
Diarrhea may be there but it is usually only found in patients with an exacerbation of the existing disease.
Weight loss:
There may be marked weight loss due to the chronic loss of appetite, diarrhea and general digestive troubles.
In addition to the above digestive symptoms, there may be other symptoms associated with the Crohn's disease, like Uveitis, Arthritis etc.
The skin symptoms range from erythema nodosum to pyoderma gangrenosum.
It can affect the veins and the circulatory system and be manifested as deep vein thrombosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia etc.
It affects the loco motor system and the bones creating a clinical picture of Osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, seronegative spondylo arthropathy etc. The nails may also present a picture of clubbing which may be related to the chronic anemia or even due to the circulatory disorders.
Neurological symptoms include epileptic convulsions, cardiovascular stroke, peripheral neuropathy and chronic depression.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is usually done by clinical symptoms and Colonoscopy. A Barium meal X-ray is very helpful in locating the exact spot of inflammation and stricture.
Treatment:
There is no specific treatment discovered yet. The treatment is usually symptomatic, and is necessary only during acute exacerbations. The acute symptoms are generally treated with anti-biotics and in severe case steroidal treatment like Hydrocortisone is given.
Crohn's disease is basically an inflammatory disease of the alimentary canal. The inflammation is of the granulomatous variety and is characterized by non specific inflammatory spots. The location of the disease can be anywhere along the alimentary tract, beginning from the mouth or the buccal cavity to the anus.
Previously it was known as Regional Ileitis or Enteritis. But those were misnomers considering the fact that the inflammation is not confined to the small or the large intestine.
Aetiology:
The exact causes or Aetiology of Crohn's disease is unknown. But several factors like Infections, usage of Oral contraceptives, Smoking and Abnormal immunological responses of the body have all been found to contribute to the cause of Crohn's disease.
Clinical features:
The Crohn's disease likes to surprise its patients by several unwarned exacerbations and remissions. The main symptoms are as listed below:
Pain:
Pain is frequently complained of in the lower abdomen, on the right side. The pain may be accompanied by local tenderness. On palpation, a lump or mass may be felt by the attending physician. The pains may come repeatedly, and in case of acute exacerbations, there may be loose and formed stools, with attending fever.
Diarrhea:
Diarrhea may be there but it is usually only found in patients with an exacerbation of the existing disease.
Weight loss:
There may be marked weight loss due to the chronic loss of appetite, diarrhea and general digestive troubles.
In addition to the above digestive symptoms, there may be other symptoms associated with the Crohn's disease, like Uveitis, Arthritis etc.
The skin symptoms range from erythema nodosum to pyoderma gangrenosum.
It can affect the veins and the circulatory system and be manifested as deep vein thrombosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia etc.
It affects the loco motor system and the bones creating a clinical picture of Osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, seronegative spondylo arthropathy etc. The nails may also present a picture of clubbing which may be related to the chronic anemia or even due to the circulatory disorders.
Neurological symptoms include epileptic convulsions, cardiovascular stroke, peripheral neuropathy and chronic depression.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is usually done by clinical symptoms and Colonoscopy. A Barium meal X-ray is very helpful in locating the exact spot of inflammation and stricture.
Treatment:
There is no specific treatment discovered yet. The treatment is usually symptomatic, and is necessary only during acute exacerbations. The acute symptoms are generally treated with anti-biotics and in severe case steroidal treatment like Hydrocortisone is given.
Symptoms And Treatments Of Vaginitis
Symptoms And Treatments Of Vaginitis
"Vaginitis" is a word that is used to described disorders that cause infection or
inflammation ("itis" means inflammation) of the vagina. Vulvovaginitis refers to
inflammation of both the vagina and vulva (the external female genitals). These conditions
can result from an infection caused by organisms such as bacteria, yeast, or viruses, as
well as by irritations from chemicals in creams, sprays, or even clothing that are in
contact with this area. In some cases, vaginitis results from organisms that are passed
between sexual partners.
Vaginitis can sometimes be a sign of other health problems. Knowing more about the
signs and symptoms of this common condition will help you and your health care provider
make a proper diagnosis.
The common symptoms of vaginitis are itching, burning, and vaginal discharge that is
different from your normal secretions. The itching and burning can be inside the vagina
or on the skin or vulva just outside the vagina. Discomfort during urination or sexual
intercourse may also occur. If everyone with vaginitis had these symptoms, then the
diagnosis would be fairly simple. However, it is important to realize that as many as 4
out of every 10 women with vaginitis may not have these typical symptoms. Frequently, a
routine gynecologic exam will confirm vaginitis even if symptoms are not present. This is
one reason why it is important to have a gynecologic exam at least every 2 years.
A women's vagina normally produces a discharge that is usually described as clear or
slightly cloudy, non-irritating, and odor-free. During the normal menstrual cycle the
amount and consistency of discharge vary. At one time of the month there may be a small
amount of a very thin or watery discharge and at another time, a more extensive thicker
discharge may appear. All of these descriptions could be considered normal.
A vaginal discharge that has an odor or that is irritating is usually an abnormal
discharge. The irritation might be itching or burning or both. The burning could feel like
a bladder infection. The itching may be present at any time of the day but it is often
most bothersome at night. Both of these symptoms are usually made worse by sexual
intercourse. It is important to see a doctor or clinician if there has been a change in
the amount, appearance, or smell of the discharge.
Yeast infections of the vagina are what most women think of when they hear the term
"vaginitis." They are caused by one of the many species of fungus called Candida. Candida
normally live in small numbers in the vagina as well as in the mouth and digestive tract
of both men and women.
Yeast infections produce a thick, white vaginal discharge with the consistency of
cottage cheese. Although the discharge can be somewhat watery, it is odorless. Yeast
infections usually cause the vagina and the vulva to be very itchy and red.
Since yeast is normal in a women's vagina, what makes it cause an infection? Usually
this happens when a change in the delicate balance in a woman's system occurs. For example,
a woman may take an antibiotic to treat a urinary tract infection and the antibiotic
kills her "friendly" bacteria that normally keep the yeast in balance; as a result the
yeast overgrows and causes the infection. Other factors which can upset the delicate
balance include pregnancy which changes hormone levels and diabetes which allows too much
sugar in the urine and vagina.
Although "yeast" is the name most women know, bacterial vaginosis is actually the most
common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. Bacterial vaginosis will often
cause a vaginal discharge. The discharge is usually thin and milky and is described as
having a "fishy" odor. This odor may become more noticeable after intercourse. Redness or
itching of the vagina are not common symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. It is important to
note that many women with bacterial vaginosis have no symptoms at all and the vaginitis is
only discovered during a routine gynecologic exam. Bacterial vaginosis is caused by a
combination of several bacteria. These bacteria seem to overgrow much the same way as
Candida will when the vaginal balance is upset. The exact reason for this overgrowth is
not known. Since bacterial vaginosis is caused by bacteria, not by yeast, it is easy to
see that different methods are needed to treat the different infections. A medicine that
is appropriate for yeast is not effective against the b
acteria that causes bacterial vaginosis.
Trichomonias, commonly called "trite" (pronounced "trick"), is caused by a tiny
single-celled organism known as a "protozoa." When this organism infects the vagina
is can cause a frothy, greenish-yellow discharge. Often this discharge will have a foul
smell. Women with trichomonal vaginitis may complain of itching and soreness of the vagina
and vulva, as well as burning during urination. In addition, there can be discomfort in
the lower abdomen and vaginal pain with intercourse. These symptoms may be worse after the
menstrual period. Many women, however, do not develop any symptoms. It is important to
understand that this type of vaginitis can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. For
treatment to be effective, the sexual partner must be treated at the same time as the
patient.
Another primarily sexually transmitted form of vaginitis is caused by the germ known as
Chlamydia. Unfortunately, most women do not have symptoms. This makes diagnosis difficult.
A vaginal discharge is sometimes present with this infection but not always. More often a
woman might experience light bleeding especially after intercourse. She may have pain in
the lower abdomen and pelvis. Chlamydial vaginitis is most common in young women (18 to 35
years) who have multiple sexual partners. If you fit this description, you should request
screening for Chlamydia during your annual checkup. The best "treatment" for Chlamydia is
prevention. Use of a condom will decrease your risk of contracting not only Chlamydia, but
other sexually transmitted diseases as well.
Viruses are a common cause of vaginitis. One form caused by the herpes simplex virus
(HSV) is often just called "herpes" infection. These infections are also spread by sexual
intimacy. The primary symptom of herpes vaginitis is pain associated with lesions or
"sores." These sores are usually visible on the vulva or the vagina but occasionally are
inside the vagina and can only be seen during a gynecologic exam. Outbreaks of HSV are
often associated with stress or emotional upheaval.
Another source of viral vaginal infection is the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV can
also be transmitted by sexual intercourse. This virus can cause painful warts to grow in
the vagina, rectum, vulva, or groin. These warts are usually white to gray in color, but
they may be pink or purple. However, visible warts are not always
present and the virus may only be detected when a Pap smear is abnormal.
Occasionally, a woman can have itching, burning, and even a vaginal discharge without
having an infection. The most common cause is an allergic reaction or irritation from
vaginal sprays, douches, or spermicidal products. The skin around the vagina can also be
sensitive to perfumed soaps, detergents, and fabric softeners.
Another noninfectious form of vaginitis results from a decrease in hormones because of
menopause or because of surgery that removes the ovaries. In this form, the vagina becomes
dry or "atrophic." The woman may notice pain, especially with sexual intercourse, as well
as vaginal itching and burning.
The key to proper treatment of vaginitis is proper diagnosis. This is not always easy
since the same symptoms can exist in different forms of vaginitis. You can greatly assist
your health care practitioner by paying close attention to exactly which symptoms you have
and when they occur, along with a description of the color,
consistency, amount, and smell of any abnormal discharge. Do not douche before your office
or clinic visit; it will make accurate testing difficult or impossible.
Because different types of vaginitis have different causes, the treatment needs to be
specific to the type of vaginitis present. When a woman has had a yeast infection
diagnosed by her doctor, she is usually treated with a prescription for a vaginal cream or
suppositories. If the infection clears up for some period of time but then the exact same
symptoms occur again, a woman can obtain, with her doctor or pharmacist's advice, a
vaginal cream or suppository without a prescription that can completely treat the
infection. The important thing to understand is that this medication may only cure the
most common types of Candida associated with vaginal
yeast infections and will not cure other yeast infections or any other type of vaginitis.
If you are not absolutely sure, see your doctor. You may save the expense of buying the
wrong medication and avoid delay in treating your type of vaginitis.
Other forms of infectious vaginitis are caused by organisms that need to be treated
with oral medication and/or a vaginal cream prescribed by your doctor. Products available
without a prescription will probably not be effective. As with all medicine, it is
important to follow your doctor's instructions as well as the instructions that come with
the medication. Do not stop taking the medicine when your symptoms go away. Do not stop
taking the medicine when your symptoms go away. Do not be embarrassed to ask your doctor
or health care practitioner questions. Good questions to ask include: It is okay to douche
while on this vaginal cream? Should
you abstain from sexual intercourse during treatment? Should your sexual partner(s) be
treated at the same time? Will the medication for this vaginitis agree with your other
medication(s)? Should you continue the vaginal cream or suppositories during your period?
Do you need to be reexamined and if so, when?
"Noninfectious" vaginitis is treated by changing the probable cause. If you have
recently changed your soap or laundry detergent or have added a fabric softener, you might
consider stopping the new product to see if the symptoms remain. The same instruction
would apply to a new vaginal spray, douche, sanitary napkin, or
tampon. If the vaginitis is due to hormonal changes, estrogen may be prescribed to help
reduce symptoms.
There are certain things that you can do to decrease the chance of getting vaginitis.
If you suffer from yeast infections, it is usually helpful to avoid garments that hold in
heat and moisture. The wearing of nylon panties, pantyhose without a cotton panel, and
tight jeans can lead to yeast infections. Good hygiene is also important. Many doctors
have found that if a woman eats yogurt that contains active cultures (read the label) she
will get fewer infections.
Because they can cause vaginal irritation, most doctors do not recommend vaginal sprays
or heavily perfumed soaps for cleansing this area. Likewise, repeated douching may cause
irritation or, more importantly, may hide a vaginal infection.
Safe sexual practices can help prevent the passing of diseases between partners. The
use of condoms is particularly important.
If you are approaching menopause, have had your ovaries removed, or have low levels of
estrogen for any reason, discuss with your doctor the use of hormone pills or creams to
keep the vagina lubricated and healthy.
See also: Candidiasis.html">Candidiasis
"Vaginitis" is a word that is used to described disorders that cause infection or
inflammation ("itis" means inflammation) of the vagina. Vulvovaginitis refers to
inflammation of both the vagina and vulva (the external female genitals). These conditions
can result from an infection caused by organisms such as bacteria, yeast, or viruses, as
well as by irritations from chemicals in creams, sprays, or even clothing that are in
contact with this area. In some cases, vaginitis results from organisms that are passed
between sexual partners.
Vaginitis can sometimes be a sign of other health problems. Knowing more about the
signs and symptoms of this common condition will help you and your health care provider
make a proper diagnosis.
The common symptoms of vaginitis are itching, burning, and vaginal discharge that is
different from your normal secretions. The itching and burning can be inside the vagina
or on the skin or vulva just outside the vagina. Discomfort during urination or sexual
intercourse may also occur. If everyone with vaginitis had these symptoms, then the
diagnosis would be fairly simple. However, it is important to realize that as many as 4
out of every 10 women with vaginitis may not have these typical symptoms. Frequently, a
routine gynecologic exam will confirm vaginitis even if symptoms are not present. This is
one reason why it is important to have a gynecologic exam at least every 2 years.
A women's vagina normally produces a discharge that is usually described as clear or
slightly cloudy, non-irritating, and odor-free. During the normal menstrual cycle the
amount and consistency of discharge vary. At one time of the month there may be a small
amount of a very thin or watery discharge and at another time, a more extensive thicker
discharge may appear. All of these descriptions could be considered normal.
A vaginal discharge that has an odor or that is irritating is usually an abnormal
discharge. The irritation might be itching or burning or both. The burning could feel like
a bladder infection. The itching may be present at any time of the day but it is often
most bothersome at night. Both of these symptoms are usually made worse by sexual
intercourse. It is important to see a doctor or clinician if there has been a change in
the amount, appearance, or smell of the discharge.
Yeast infections of the vagina are what most women think of when they hear the term
"vaginitis." They are caused by one of the many species of fungus called Candida. Candida
normally live in small numbers in the vagina as well as in the mouth and digestive tract
of both men and women.
Yeast infections produce a thick, white vaginal discharge with the consistency of
cottage cheese. Although the discharge can be somewhat watery, it is odorless. Yeast
infections usually cause the vagina and the vulva to be very itchy and red.
Since yeast is normal in a women's vagina, what makes it cause an infection? Usually
this happens when a change in the delicate balance in a woman's system occurs. For example,
a woman may take an antibiotic to treat a urinary tract infection and the antibiotic
kills her "friendly" bacteria that normally keep the yeast in balance; as a result the
yeast overgrows and causes the infection. Other factors which can upset the delicate
balance include pregnancy which changes hormone levels and diabetes which allows too much
sugar in the urine and vagina.
Although "yeast" is the name most women know, bacterial vaginosis is actually the most
common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. Bacterial vaginosis will often
cause a vaginal discharge. The discharge is usually thin and milky and is described as
having a "fishy" odor. This odor may become more noticeable after intercourse. Redness or
itching of the vagina are not common symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. It is important to
note that many women with bacterial vaginosis have no symptoms at all and the vaginitis is
only discovered during a routine gynecologic exam. Bacterial vaginosis is caused by a
combination of several bacteria. These bacteria seem to overgrow much the same way as
Candida will when the vaginal balance is upset. The exact reason for this overgrowth is
not known. Since bacterial vaginosis is caused by bacteria, not by yeast, it is easy to
see that different methods are needed to treat the different infections. A medicine that
is appropriate for yeast is not effective against the b
acteria that causes bacterial vaginosis.
Trichomonias, commonly called "trite" (pronounced "trick"), is caused by a tiny
single-celled organism known as a "protozoa." When this organism infects the vagina
is can cause a frothy, greenish-yellow discharge. Often this discharge will have a foul
smell. Women with trichomonal vaginitis may complain of itching and soreness of the vagina
and vulva, as well as burning during urination. In addition, there can be discomfort in
the lower abdomen and vaginal pain with intercourse. These symptoms may be worse after the
menstrual period. Many women, however, do not develop any symptoms. It is important to
understand that this type of vaginitis can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. For
treatment to be effective, the sexual partner must be treated at the same time as the
patient.
Another primarily sexually transmitted form of vaginitis is caused by the germ known as
Chlamydia. Unfortunately, most women do not have symptoms. This makes diagnosis difficult.
A vaginal discharge is sometimes present with this infection but not always. More often a
woman might experience light bleeding especially after intercourse. She may have pain in
the lower abdomen and pelvis. Chlamydial vaginitis is most common in young women (18 to 35
years) who have multiple sexual partners. If you fit this description, you should request
screening for Chlamydia during your annual checkup. The best "treatment" for Chlamydia is
prevention. Use of a condom will decrease your risk of contracting not only Chlamydia, but
other sexually transmitted diseases as well.
Viruses are a common cause of vaginitis. One form caused by the herpes simplex virus
(HSV) is often just called "herpes" infection. These infections are also spread by sexual
intimacy. The primary symptom of herpes vaginitis is pain associated with lesions or
"sores." These sores are usually visible on the vulva or the vagina but occasionally are
inside the vagina and can only be seen during a gynecologic exam. Outbreaks of HSV are
often associated with stress or emotional upheaval.
Another source of viral vaginal infection is the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV can
also be transmitted by sexual intercourse. This virus can cause painful warts to grow in
the vagina, rectum, vulva, or groin. These warts are usually white to gray in color, but
they may be pink or purple. However, visible warts are not always
present and the virus may only be detected when a Pap smear is abnormal.
Occasionally, a woman can have itching, burning, and even a vaginal discharge without
having an infection. The most common cause is an allergic reaction or irritation from
vaginal sprays, douches, or spermicidal products. The skin around the vagina can also be
sensitive to perfumed soaps, detergents, and fabric softeners.
Another noninfectious form of vaginitis results from a decrease in hormones because of
menopause or because of surgery that removes the ovaries. In this form, the vagina becomes
dry or "atrophic." The woman may notice pain, especially with sexual intercourse, as well
as vaginal itching and burning.
The key to proper treatment of vaginitis is proper diagnosis. This is not always easy
since the same symptoms can exist in different forms of vaginitis. You can greatly assist
your health care practitioner by paying close attention to exactly which symptoms you have
and when they occur, along with a description of the color,
consistency, amount, and smell of any abnormal discharge. Do not douche before your office
or clinic visit; it will make accurate testing difficult or impossible.
Because different types of vaginitis have different causes, the treatment needs to be
specific to the type of vaginitis present. When a woman has had a yeast infection
diagnosed by her doctor, she is usually treated with a prescription for a vaginal cream or
suppositories. If the infection clears up for some period of time but then the exact same
symptoms occur again, a woman can obtain, with her doctor or pharmacist's advice, a
vaginal cream or suppository without a prescription that can completely treat the
infection. The important thing to understand is that this medication may only cure the
most common types of Candida associated with vaginal
yeast infections and will not cure other yeast infections or any other type of vaginitis.
If you are not absolutely sure, see your doctor. You may save the expense of buying the
wrong medication and avoid delay in treating your type of vaginitis.
Other forms of infectious vaginitis are caused by organisms that need to be treated
with oral medication and/or a vaginal cream prescribed by your doctor. Products available
without a prescription will probably not be effective. As with all medicine, it is
important to follow your doctor's instructions as well as the instructions that come with
the medication. Do not stop taking the medicine when your symptoms go away. Do not stop
taking the medicine when your symptoms go away. Do not be embarrassed to ask your doctor
or health care practitioner questions. Good questions to ask include: It is okay to douche
while on this vaginal cream? Should
you abstain from sexual intercourse during treatment? Should your sexual partner(s) be
treated at the same time? Will the medication for this vaginitis agree with your other
medication(s)? Should you continue the vaginal cream or suppositories during your period?
Do you need to be reexamined and if so, when?
"Noninfectious" vaginitis is treated by changing the probable cause. If you have
recently changed your soap or laundry detergent or have added a fabric softener, you might
consider stopping the new product to see if the symptoms remain. The same instruction
would apply to a new vaginal spray, douche, sanitary napkin, or
tampon. If the vaginitis is due to hormonal changes, estrogen may be prescribed to help
reduce symptoms.
There are certain things that you can do to decrease the chance of getting vaginitis.
If you suffer from yeast infections, it is usually helpful to avoid garments that hold in
heat and moisture. The wearing of nylon panties, pantyhose without a cotton panel, and
tight jeans can lead to yeast infections. Good hygiene is also important. Many doctors
have found that if a woman eats yogurt that contains active cultures (read the label) she
will get fewer infections.
Because they can cause vaginal irritation, most doctors do not recommend vaginal sprays
or heavily perfumed soaps for cleansing this area. Likewise, repeated douching may cause
irritation or, more importantly, may hide a vaginal infection.
Safe sexual practices can help prevent the passing of diseases between partners. The
use of condoms is particularly important.
If you are approaching menopause, have had your ovaries removed, or have low levels of
estrogen for any reason, discuss with your doctor the use of hormone pills or creams to
keep the vagina lubricated and healthy.
See also: Candidiasis.html">Candidiasis
The Basics Of A Urinary Tract Infection
The Basics Of A Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infections are a serious health problem affecting millions of people each
year.
Infections of the urinary tract are common--only respiratory infections occur more
often. Each year, urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for about 9.6 million doctor
visits. Women are especially prone to UTIs for reasons that are poorly understood. One
woman in five develops a UTI during her lifetime. UTIs in men are not so common, but they
can be very serious when they do occur.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The key
elements in the system are the kidneys, a pair of purplish-brown organs located below the
ribs toward the middle of the back. The kidneys remove liquid waste from the blood in the
form of urine, keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood, and
produce a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells. Narrow tubes called ureters
carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, a triangle-shaped chamber in the lower
abdomen. Urine is stored in the bladder and emptied through the urethra.
The average adult passes about a quart and a half of urine each day. The amount of
urine varies, depending on the fluids and foods a person consumes. The volume formed at
night is about half that formed in the daytime.
Normal urine is sterile. It contains fluids, salts, and waste products, but it is free
of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. An infection occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria
from the digestive tract, cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply. Most
infections arise from one type of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally
live in the colon.
In most cases, bacteria first begin growing in the urethra. An infection limited to the
urethra is called urethritis. From there bacteria often move on to the bladder, causing a
bladder infection (cystitis). If the infection is not treated promptly, bacteria may then
go up the ureters to infect the kidneys (pyelonephritis).
Microorganisms called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma may also cause UTIs in both men and
women, but these infections tend to remain limited to the urethra and reproductive system.
Unlike E. coli, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma may be sexually transmitted, and infections
require treatment of both partners.
The urinary system is structured in a way that helps ward off infection. The ureters
and bladder normally prevent urine from backing up toward the kidneys, and the flow of
urine from the bladder helps wash bacteria out of the body. In men, the prostate gland
produces secretions that slow bacterial growth. In both sexes, immune defenses also
prevent infection. Despite these safeguards, though, infections still occur.
Some people are more prone to getting a UTI than others. Any abnormality of the urinary
tract that obstructs the flow of urine (a kidney stone, for example) sets the stage for an
infection. An enlarged prostate gland also can slow the flow of urine, thus raising the
risk of infection.
UTIs are rarely seen in boys and young men. In women, though, the rate of UTIs
gradually increases with age. Scientists are not sure why women have more urinary
infections than men. One factor may be that a woman's urethra is short, allowing bacteria
quick access to the bladder. Also, a woman's urethral opening is near sources of bacteria
from the anus and vagina. For many women, sexual intercourse seems to trigger an infection,
although the reasons for this linkage are unclear.
According to several studies, women who use a diaphragm are more likely to develop a
UTI than women who use other forms of birth control. Recently, researchers found that
women whose partners use a condom with spermicidal foam also tend to have growth of E.
coli bacteria in the vagina.
Many women suffer from frequent UTIs. Nearly 20 percent of women who have a UTI will
have another, and 30 percent of those will have yet another. Of the last group, 80 percent
will have recurrences.
Not everyone with a UTI has symptoms, but most people get at least some. These may
include a frequent urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the area of the
bladder or urethra during urination. It is not unusual to feel bad all over - tired, shaky,
washed out - and to feel pain even when not urinating. Often, women feel an uncomfortable
pressure above the pubic bone, and some men experience a fullness in the rectum. It is
common for a person with a urinary infection to complain that, despite the urge to urinate,
only a small amount of urine is passed. The urine itself may look milky or cloudy, even
reddish if blood is present. A fever may mean that the infection has reached the kidneys.
Other symptoms of a kidney infection include pain in the back or side below the ribs,
nausea, or vomiting.
In children, symptoms of a urinary infection may be overlooked or attributed to another
disorder. A UTI should be considered when a child or infant seems irritable, is not eating
normally, has an unexplained fever that does not go away, has incontinence or loose bowels,
or is not thriving. The child should be seen by a doctor if there are any questions about
these symptoms, especially if there is a change in he child's urinary pattern.
UTIs are treated with antibacterial drugs. The choice of drug and length of treatment
depend on the patient's history and the urine tests that identify the offending bacteria.
The sensitivity test is especially useful in helping the doctor select the most effective
drug. The drugs most often used to treat routine, uncomplicated UTIs are trimethoprim
(Trimpex), trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim), amoxicillin (Amoxil,
Trimox, Wymox), nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Furadantin), and ampicillin. A class of drugs
called quinolones includes four drugs approved in recent years for treating UTI. These
drugs include ofloxacin (Floxin), norfloxacin (Noroxin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), and
trovafloxin (Trovan).
Various drugs are available to relieve the pain of a UTI. A heating pad may also help.
Most doctors suggest that drinking plenty of water helps cleanse the urinary tract of
bacteria. For the time being, it is best to avoid coffee, alcohol, and spicy foods. (And
one of the best things a smoker can do for his or her bladder is to quit smoking. Smoking
is the major known cause of bladder cancer.)
A woman who has frequent recurrences (three or more a year) should ask her doctor about
one of the following treatment options:
Dipsticks that change color when an infection is present are now available without
prescription. The strips detect nitrite, which is formed when bacteria change nitrate in
the urine to nitrite.
Doctors suggest some additional steps that a woman can take on her own to avoid an infection:
A pregnant woman who develops a UTI should be treated promptly to avoid premature delivery
of her baby and other risks such as high blood pressure. Some antibiotics are not safe to
take during pregnancy. In selecting the best treatments, doctors consider various factors
such as the drug's effectiveness, the stage of pregnancy, the mother's health, and
potential effects on the fetus.
Curing infections that stem from a urinary obstruction or nervous system disorder depends
on finding and correcting the underlying problem, sometimes with surgery. If the root
cause goes untreated, this group of patients is at risk of kidney damage. Also, such
infections tend to arise from a wider range of bacteria, and sometimes from more than one
type of bacteria at a time.
UTIs in men usually stem from an obstruction--for example, a urinary stone or enlarged
prostate--or from a medical procedure involving a catheter. The first step is to identify
the infecting organism and the drugs to which it is sensitive. Usually, doctors recommend
lengthier therapy in men than in women, in part to prevent infections of the prostate
gland.
Prostate infections (chronic bacterial prostatitis) are harder to cure because
antibiotics are unable to penetrate infected prostate tissue effectively. For this reason,
men with prostatitis often need long-term treatment with a carefully selected antibiotic.
UTIs in older men are frequently associated with acute bacterial prostatitis, which can be
fatal if not treated immediately.
In the future, scientists may develop a vaccine that can prevent UTIs from coming back.
Researchers in different studies have found that children and women who tend to get UTIs
repeatedly are likely to lack proteins called immunoglobulins, which fight infection.
Children and women who do not get UTIs are more likely to have normal levels of
immunoglobulins in their genital and urinary tracts.
Early tests indicate that a vaccine helps patients build up their own natural
infection-fighting powers. The dead bacteria in the vaccine do not spread like an
infection; instead, they prompt the body to produce antibodies that can later fight
against live organisms. Researchers are testing injection and oral vaccines to see which
works best. Another method being considered for women is to apply the vaccine directly as
a suppository in the vagina.
Urinary tract infections are a serious health problem affecting millions of people each
year.
Infections of the urinary tract are common--only respiratory infections occur more
often. Each year, urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for about 9.6 million doctor
visits. Women are especially prone to UTIs for reasons that are poorly understood. One
woman in five develops a UTI during her lifetime. UTIs in men are not so common, but they
can be very serious when they do occur.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The key
elements in the system are the kidneys, a pair of purplish-brown organs located below the
ribs toward the middle of the back. The kidneys remove liquid waste from the blood in the
form of urine, keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood, and
produce a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells. Narrow tubes called ureters
carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, a triangle-shaped chamber in the lower
abdomen. Urine is stored in the bladder and emptied through the urethra.
The average adult passes about a quart and a half of urine each day. The amount of
urine varies, depending on the fluids and foods a person consumes. The volume formed at
night is about half that formed in the daytime.
Normal urine is sterile. It contains fluids, salts, and waste products, but it is free
of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. An infection occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria
from the digestive tract, cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply. Most
infections arise from one type of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally
live in the colon.
In most cases, bacteria first begin growing in the urethra. An infection limited to the
urethra is called urethritis. From there bacteria often move on to the bladder, causing a
bladder infection (cystitis). If the infection is not treated promptly, bacteria may then
go up the ureters to infect the kidneys (pyelonephritis).
Microorganisms called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma may also cause UTIs in both men and
women, but these infections tend to remain limited to the urethra and reproductive system.
Unlike E. coli, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma may be sexually transmitted, and infections
require treatment of both partners.
The urinary system is structured in a way that helps ward off infection. The ureters
and bladder normally prevent urine from backing up toward the kidneys, and the flow of
urine from the bladder helps wash bacteria out of the body. In men, the prostate gland
produces secretions that slow bacterial growth. In both sexes, immune defenses also
prevent infection. Despite these safeguards, though, infections still occur.
Some people are more prone to getting a UTI than others. Any abnormality of the urinary
tract that obstructs the flow of urine (a kidney stone, for example) sets the stage for an
infection. An enlarged prostate gland also can slow the flow of urine, thus raising the
risk of infection.
UTIs are rarely seen in boys and young men. In women, though, the rate of UTIs
gradually increases with age. Scientists are not sure why women have more urinary
infections than men. One factor may be that a woman's urethra is short, allowing bacteria
quick access to the bladder. Also, a woman's urethral opening is near sources of bacteria
from the anus and vagina. For many women, sexual intercourse seems to trigger an infection,
although the reasons for this linkage are unclear.
According to several studies, women who use a diaphragm are more likely to develop a
UTI than women who use other forms of birth control. Recently, researchers found that
women whose partners use a condom with spermicidal foam also tend to have growth of E.
coli bacteria in the vagina.
Many women suffer from frequent UTIs. Nearly 20 percent of women who have a UTI will
have another, and 30 percent of those will have yet another. Of the last group, 80 percent
will have recurrences.
Not everyone with a UTI has symptoms, but most people get at least some. These may
include a frequent urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the area of the
bladder or urethra during urination. It is not unusual to feel bad all over - tired, shaky,
washed out - and to feel pain even when not urinating. Often, women feel an uncomfortable
pressure above the pubic bone, and some men experience a fullness in the rectum. It is
common for a person with a urinary infection to complain that, despite the urge to urinate,
only a small amount of urine is passed. The urine itself may look milky or cloudy, even
reddish if blood is present. A fever may mean that the infection has reached the kidneys.
Other symptoms of a kidney infection include pain in the back or side below the ribs,
nausea, or vomiting.
In children, symptoms of a urinary infection may be overlooked or attributed to another
disorder. A UTI should be considered when a child or infant seems irritable, is not eating
normally, has an unexplained fever that does not go away, has incontinence or loose bowels,
or is not thriving. The child should be seen by a doctor if there are any questions about
these symptoms, especially if there is a change in he child's urinary pattern.
UTIs are treated with antibacterial drugs. The choice of drug and length of treatment
depend on the patient's history and the urine tests that identify the offending bacteria.
The sensitivity test is especially useful in helping the doctor select the most effective
drug. The drugs most often used to treat routine, uncomplicated UTIs are trimethoprim
(Trimpex), trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim), amoxicillin (Amoxil,
Trimox, Wymox), nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Furadantin), and ampicillin. A class of drugs
called quinolones includes four drugs approved in recent years for treating UTI. These
drugs include ofloxacin (Floxin), norfloxacin (Noroxin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), and
trovafloxin (Trovan).
Various drugs are available to relieve the pain of a UTI. A heating pad may also help.
Most doctors suggest that drinking plenty of water helps cleanse the urinary tract of
bacteria. For the time being, it is best to avoid coffee, alcohol, and spicy foods. (And
one of the best things a smoker can do for his or her bladder is to quit smoking. Smoking
is the major known cause of bladder cancer.)
A woman who has frequent recurrences (three or more a year) should ask her doctor about
one of the following treatment options:
- Take low doses of an antibiotic such as TMP/SMZ or nitrofurantoin daily for 6 months
or longer. - Take a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual intercourse.
- Take a short course (1 or 2 days) of antibiotics when symptoms appear.
Dipsticks that change color when an infection is present are now available without
prescription. The strips detect nitrite, which is formed when bacteria change nitrate in
the urine to nitrite.
Doctors suggest some additional steps that a woman can take on her own to avoid an infection:
- Drink plenty of water every day. Some doctors suggest drinking cranberry juice,
which in large amounts inhibits the growth of some bacteria by acidifying the urine.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) supplements have the same effect. - Urinate when you feel the need; don't resist the urge to urinate.
- Wipe from front to back to prevent bacteria around the anus from entering the vagina
or urethra. - Take showers instead of tub baths.
- Cleanse the genital area before sexual intercourse.
- Avoid using feminine hygiene sprays and scented douches, which may irritate the urethra.
Infections in Pregnancy
A pregnant woman who develops a UTI should be treated promptly to avoid premature delivery
of her baby and other risks such as high blood pressure. Some antibiotics are not safe to
take during pregnancy. In selecting the best treatments, doctors consider various factors
such as the drug's effectiveness, the stage of pregnancy, the mother's health, and
potential effects on the fetus.
Complicated Infections
Curing infections that stem from a urinary obstruction or nervous system disorder depends
on finding and correcting the underlying problem, sometimes with surgery. If the root
cause goes untreated, this group of patients is at risk of kidney damage. Also, such
infections tend to arise from a wider range of bacteria, and sometimes from more than one
type of bacteria at a time.
Infections In Men
UTIs in men usually stem from an obstruction--for example, a urinary stone or enlarged
prostate--or from a medical procedure involving a catheter. The first step is to identify
the infecting organism and the drugs to which it is sensitive. Usually, doctors recommend
lengthier therapy in men than in women, in part to prevent infections of the prostate
gland.
Prostate infections (chronic bacterial prostatitis) are harder to cure because
antibiotics are unable to penetrate infected prostate tissue effectively. For this reason,
men with prostatitis often need long-term treatment with a carefully selected antibiotic.
UTIs in older men are frequently associated with acute bacterial prostatitis, which can be
fatal if not treated immediately.
In the future, scientists may develop a vaccine that can prevent UTIs from coming back.
Researchers in different studies have found that children and women who tend to get UTIs
repeatedly are likely to lack proteins called immunoglobulins, which fight infection.
Children and women who do not get UTIs are more likely to have normal levels of
immunoglobulins in their genital and urinary tracts.
Early tests indicate that a vaccine helps patients build up their own natural
infection-fighting powers. The dead bacteria in the vaccine do not spread like an
infection; instead, they prompt the body to produce antibodies that can later fight
against live organisms. Researchers are testing injection and oral vaccines to see which
works best. Another method being considered for women is to apply the vaccine directly as
a suppository in the vagina.
Types Of Kidney Diseases
Types Of Kidney Diseases
Kidneys are very important to us. Presence of kidney disease can be very devastating to a person especially if there is no active functioning of the kidneys. A kidney dialysis or transplant to replace the diseased kidney might be required in worst case scenarios.
There are however several types of disease of the kidney that are classified as worse than the others. There are kidney diseases which can be "acute" implying that it is on first onset, and "dronic" implying that there is slow decline in kidney function. Both of these kidney diseases might arise due to autoimmune disorders, toxins, medications and as well infections. The worsening of the kidney functions might also be brought about by disease such as diabetes and blood pressure, although it can occur gradually.
When kidneys leak out some certain fluids or substances, it brings in another classification. Hematuria or blood urine is one of these diseases. These can be caused by sickened kidneys leaking out blood cells from the capillaries in the kidneys.
Protenuira is another fairly common kidney disease and usually comes about when protein and mostly albumin leaks out from the body. It can sometimes become so developed that there are instances where there is barely enough proteins in the body. Basically, without protein, fluid will leak all over the body (a condition referred to as "nephritic syndrome". This is always not good as we need the protein to keep the blood flowing in their vessels.
Kidney stones presence is another kidney disease where a patient excretes too much calcium oxalate into the urine and fails to drink enough water. Kidney stones might as well be caused by uric acid. Precipitation of the uric acid into stones makes it hard for them to fit in the uterus. Usually extreme pain is experienced and might result into infections as well.
Hypertension or the medications treating it might result into kidney disease. There are cases where one or both arteries leading to the kidneys are blocked forcing the kidney to release vasopressin which makes the blood pressure to rise dramatically. There are however specific blood pressure medication that can address these problems or in some cases surgery is administered to the blockage.
Chronic pyelonephritis occurs when infection gets deeper in the kidneys hence causing a lot of pain and kidney inflammation. It can as well result from hematuria.
There is however one primary disease that is cancerous and the cancer may further cause a lot of pain or bleeding in the kidney areas. This is always referred to as renal cell carcinoma which is usually treated by the replacement of the sick kidney(s)
Kidneys are very important to us. Presence of kidney disease can be very devastating to a person especially if there is no active functioning of the kidneys. A kidney dialysis or transplant to replace the diseased kidney might be required in worst case scenarios.
There are however several types of disease of the kidney that are classified as worse than the others. There are kidney diseases which can be "acute" implying that it is on first onset, and "dronic" implying that there is slow decline in kidney function. Both of these kidney diseases might arise due to autoimmune disorders, toxins, medications and as well infections. The worsening of the kidney functions might also be brought about by disease such as diabetes and blood pressure, although it can occur gradually.
When kidneys leak out some certain fluids or substances, it brings in another classification. Hematuria or blood urine is one of these diseases. These can be caused by sickened kidneys leaking out blood cells from the capillaries in the kidneys.
Protenuira is another fairly common kidney disease and usually comes about when protein and mostly albumin leaks out from the body. It can sometimes become so developed that there are instances where there is barely enough proteins in the body. Basically, without protein, fluid will leak all over the body (a condition referred to as "nephritic syndrome". This is always not good as we need the protein to keep the blood flowing in their vessels.
Kidney stones presence is another kidney disease where a patient excretes too much calcium oxalate into the urine and fails to drink enough water. Kidney stones might as well be caused by uric acid. Precipitation of the uric acid into stones makes it hard for them to fit in the uterus. Usually extreme pain is experienced and might result into infections as well.
Hypertension or the medications treating it might result into kidney disease. There are cases where one or both arteries leading to the kidneys are blocked forcing the kidney to release vasopressin which makes the blood pressure to rise dramatically. There are however specific blood pressure medication that can address these problems or in some cases surgery is administered to the blockage.
Chronic pyelonephritis occurs when infection gets deeper in the kidneys hence causing a lot of pain and kidney inflammation. It can as well result from hematuria.
There is however one primary disease that is cancerous and the cancer may further cause a lot of pain or bleeding in the kidney areas. This is always referred to as renal cell carcinoma which is usually treated by the replacement of the sick kidney(s)
Causes And Treatments For Vitiligo
Causes And Treatments For Vitiligo
Vitiligo (vit-ill-eye-go) is a pigmentation disorder in which melanocytes (the cells
that make pigment) in the skin, the tissues that line the inside of the mouth and nose and
genital and rectal areas (mucous membranes), and the retina of the eyes are destroyed. As
a result, white patches of skin appear on different parts of the body. The hair that grows
in areas affected by vitiligo may turn white.
The cause of vitiligo is not known, but doctors and researchers have several different
theories. One theory is that people develop antibodies that destroy the melanocytes in
their own bodies. Another theory is that melanocytes destroy themselves. Finally, some
people have reported that a single event such as sunburn or emotional distress triggered
vitiligo; however, these events have not been scientifically proven to cause vitiligo.
About 1 to 2 percent of the world's population, or 40 to 50 million people, have
vitiligo. In the United States, 2 to 5 million people have the disorder. Ninety-five
percent of people who have vitiligo develop it before their 40th birthday. The disorder
affects all races and both sexes equally.
Vitiligo seems to be more common in people with certain autoimmune diseases (diseases
in which a person's immune system reacts against the body's own organs or tissues). These
autoimmune diseases include hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), adrenocortical
insufficiency (the adrenal gland does not produce enough of the hormone called
corticosteroid), alopecia areata (patches of baldness), and pernicious anemia (a low level
of red blood cells caused by failure of the body to absorb vitamin B12). Scientists do not
know the reason for the association between vitiligo and these autoimmune diseases.
However, most people with vitiligo have no other autoimmune disease.
Vitiligo may also be hereditary, that is, it can run in families. Children whose
parents have the disorder are more likely to develop vitiligo. However, most children will
not get vitiligo even if a parent has it, and most people with vitiligo do not have a
family history of the disorder.
People who develop vitiligo usually first notice white patches (depigmentation) on
their skin. These patches are more common in sun-exposed areas, including the hands, feet,
arms, face, and lips. Other common areas for white patches to appear are the armpits and
groin and around the mouth, eyes, nostrils, navel, and genitals.
Vitiligo generally appears in one of three patterns. In one pattern (focal pattern),
the depigmentation is limited to one or only a few areas. Some people develop depigmented
patches on only one side of their bodies (segmental pattern). But for most people who have
vitiligo, depigmentation occurs on different parts of the body (generalized pattern). In
addition to white patches on the skin, people with vitiligo may have premature graying of
the scalp hair, eyelashes, eyebrows, and beard. People with dark skin may notice a loss of
color inside their mouths.
There is no way to predict if vitiligo will spread. For some people, the depigmented
patches do not spread. The disorder is usually progressive, however, and over time the
white patches will spread to other areas of the body. For some people, vitiligo spreads
slowly, over many years. For other people, spreading occurs rapidly. Some people have
reported additional depigmentation following periods of physical or emotional stress.
The change in appearance caused by vitiligo can affect a person's emotional and
psychological well-being and may create difficulty in getting or keeping a job. People
with this disorder can experience emotional stress, particularly if vitiligo develops on
visible areas of the body, such as the face, hands, arms, feet, or on the genitals.
Adolescents, who are often particularly concerned about their appearance, can be
devastated by widespread vitiligo. Some people who have vitiligo feel embarrassed, ashamed,
depressed, or worried about how others will react.
Several strategies can help a person cope with vitiligo. First, it is important to find
a doctor who is knowledgeable about vitiligo and takes the disorder seriously. The doctor
should also be a good listener and be able to provide emotional support. Patients need to
let their doctor know if they are feeling depressed because doctors and other mental
health professionals can help people deal with depression. Patients should also learn as
much as possible about the disorder and treatment choices so that they can participate in
making important decisions about medical care.
Talking with other people who have vitiligo may also help a person cope. The National
Vitiligo Foundation can provide information about vitiligo and refer people to local
chapters that have support groups of patients, families, and physicians. Family and
friends are another source of support.
Some people with vitiligo have found that cosmetics that cover the white patches
improve their appearance and help them feel better about themselves. A person may need to
experiment with several brands of concealing cosmetics before finding the product that
works best.
The goal of treating vitiligo is to restore the function of the skin and to improve the
patient's appearance. Therapy for vitiligo takes a long time--it usually must be continued
for 6 to 18 months. The choice of therapy depends on the number of white patches and how
widespread they are and on the patient?s preference for treatment. Each patient responds
differently to therapy, and a particular treatment may not work for everyone. Current
treatment options for vitiligo include medical, surgical, and adjunctive therapies
(therapies that can be used along with surgical or medical treatments).
Topical Steroid Therapy -
Steroids may be helpful in repigmenting (returning the color to white patches) the skin,
particularly if started early in the disease. Corticosteroids are a group of drugs similar
to the hormones produced by the adrenal glands (such as cortisone). Doctors often
prescribe a mild topical corticosteroid cream for children under 10 years old and a
stronger one for adults.
Psoralen Photochemotherapy -
Psoralen photochemotherapy (psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy, or PUVA) is probably the
most beneficial treatment for vitiligo available in the United States. However, it is
time-consuming and care must be taken to avoid side effects, which can sometimes be
severe. Psoralens are drugs that contain chemicals that react with ultraviolet light to
cause darkening of the skin. The treatment involves taking psoralen by mouth (orally) or
applying it to the skin (topically).
Pseudocatalase with Calcium Cream -
Catalase is deficient in areas of skin with vitiligo. Pseudocatalase cream is an
externally applied product that functions like catalase in that it is used to inhibit the
progression of pigment loss in vitiligo. It contains calcium chloride, manganese chloride,
sodium bicarbonate, and distilled water in a Vanicream Skin Cream (Vanicream is a
registered U.S. trademark of Pharmaceutical Specialties, Inc.). This formulation is not
commercially available. Pseudocatalase works by removing peroxides from vitiligo affected
skin. Peroxides are responsible for the destruction of melanocytes (pigment cells).
Depigmentation -
Depigmentation involves fading the rest of the skin on the body to match the already white
areas. For people who have vitiligo on more than 50 percent of their body, depigmentation
may be the best treatment option. Patients apply the drug monobenzylether of hydroquinone
(monobenzone or Benoquin*) twice a day to pigmented areas until they match the already
depigmented areas. Patients must avoid direct skin-to-skin contact with other people for
at least 2 hours after applying the drug. The major side effect of depigmentation therapy
is inflammation (redness and swelling) of the skin. Patients may experience itching, dry
skin, or abnormal darkening of the membrane that covers the white of the eye.
Depigmentation is permanent and cannot be reversed. In addition, a person who undergoes
depigmentation will always be abnormally sensitive to sunlight.
Surgical Therapies -
All surgical therapies must be viewed as experimental because their effectiveness and side
effects remain to be fully defined.
Sunscreens -
People who have vitiligo, particularly those with fair skin, should use a sunscreen that
provides protection from both the UVA and UVB forms of ultraviolet light. Sunscreen helps
protect the skin from sunburn and long-term damage. Sunscreen also minimizes tanning,
which makes the contrast between normal and depigmented skin less noticeable.
Cosmetics -
Some patients with vitiligo camouflage depigmented patches with stains, makeup, or
self-tanning lotions. These cosmetic products can be particularly effective for people
whose vitiligo is limited on exposed areas of the body. Dermablend, Lydia O'Leary,
Clinique, Fashion Flair, Vitadye, and Chromelin offer makeup or dyes that patients may
find helpful for covering up depigmented patches.
Counseling and Support -
Many people with vitiligo find it helpful to get counseling from a mental health
professional. People often find they can talk to their counselor about issues that are
difficult to discuss with anyone else. A mental health counselor can also offer patients
support and help in coping with vitiligo.
If a patient does not want treatment, that is, either repigmentation or depigmentation,
they can avoid being out in the sun and keep the skin as light as possible so that the
Vitiligo is not so noticeable.
In the future, treatment for Vitiligo may involve immunosuppression and autologous
pigment cell transplantation.
Vitiligo (vit-ill-eye-go) is a pigmentation disorder in which melanocytes (the cells
that make pigment) in the skin, the tissues that line the inside of the mouth and nose and
genital and rectal areas (mucous membranes), and the retina of the eyes are destroyed. As
a result, white patches of skin appear on different parts of the body. The hair that grows
in areas affected by vitiligo may turn white.
The cause of vitiligo is not known, but doctors and researchers have several different
theories. One theory is that people develop antibodies that destroy the melanocytes in
their own bodies. Another theory is that melanocytes destroy themselves. Finally, some
people have reported that a single event such as sunburn or emotional distress triggered
vitiligo; however, these events have not been scientifically proven to cause vitiligo.
About 1 to 2 percent of the world's population, or 40 to 50 million people, have
vitiligo. In the United States, 2 to 5 million people have the disorder. Ninety-five
percent of people who have vitiligo develop it before their 40th birthday. The disorder
affects all races and both sexes equally.
Vitiligo seems to be more common in people with certain autoimmune diseases (diseases
in which a person's immune system reacts against the body's own organs or tissues). These
autoimmune diseases include hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), adrenocortical
insufficiency (the adrenal gland does not produce enough of the hormone called
corticosteroid), alopecia areata (patches of baldness), and pernicious anemia (a low level
of red blood cells caused by failure of the body to absorb vitamin B12). Scientists do not
know the reason for the association between vitiligo and these autoimmune diseases.
However, most people with vitiligo have no other autoimmune disease.
Vitiligo may also be hereditary, that is, it can run in families. Children whose
parents have the disorder are more likely to develop vitiligo. However, most children will
not get vitiligo even if a parent has it, and most people with vitiligo do not have a
family history of the disorder.
People who develop vitiligo usually first notice white patches (depigmentation) on
their skin. These patches are more common in sun-exposed areas, including the hands, feet,
arms, face, and lips. Other common areas for white patches to appear are the armpits and
groin and around the mouth, eyes, nostrils, navel, and genitals.
Vitiligo generally appears in one of three patterns. In one pattern (focal pattern),
the depigmentation is limited to one or only a few areas. Some people develop depigmented
patches on only one side of their bodies (segmental pattern). But for most people who have
vitiligo, depigmentation occurs on different parts of the body (generalized pattern). In
addition to white patches on the skin, people with vitiligo may have premature graying of
the scalp hair, eyelashes, eyebrows, and beard. People with dark skin may notice a loss of
color inside their mouths.
There is no way to predict if vitiligo will spread. For some people, the depigmented
patches do not spread. The disorder is usually progressive, however, and over time the
white patches will spread to other areas of the body. For some people, vitiligo spreads
slowly, over many years. For other people, spreading occurs rapidly. Some people have
reported additional depigmentation following periods of physical or emotional stress.
The change in appearance caused by vitiligo can affect a person's emotional and
psychological well-being and may create difficulty in getting or keeping a job. People
with this disorder can experience emotional stress, particularly if vitiligo develops on
visible areas of the body, such as the face, hands, arms, feet, or on the genitals.
Adolescents, who are often particularly concerned about their appearance, can be
devastated by widespread vitiligo. Some people who have vitiligo feel embarrassed, ashamed,
depressed, or worried about how others will react.
Several strategies can help a person cope with vitiligo. First, it is important to find
a doctor who is knowledgeable about vitiligo and takes the disorder seriously. The doctor
should also be a good listener and be able to provide emotional support. Patients need to
let their doctor know if they are feeling depressed because doctors and other mental
health professionals can help people deal with depression. Patients should also learn as
much as possible about the disorder and treatment choices so that they can participate in
making important decisions about medical care.
Talking with other people who have vitiligo may also help a person cope. The National
Vitiligo Foundation can provide information about vitiligo and refer people to local
chapters that have support groups of patients, families, and physicians. Family and
friends are another source of support.
Some people with vitiligo have found that cosmetics that cover the white patches
improve their appearance and help them feel better about themselves. A person may need to
experiment with several brands of concealing cosmetics before finding the product that
works best.
The goal of treating vitiligo is to restore the function of the skin and to improve the
patient's appearance. Therapy for vitiligo takes a long time--it usually must be continued
for 6 to 18 months. The choice of therapy depends on the number of white patches and how
widespread they are and on the patient?s preference for treatment. Each patient responds
differently to therapy, and a particular treatment may not work for everyone. Current
treatment options for vitiligo include medical, surgical, and adjunctive therapies
(therapies that can be used along with surgical or medical treatments).
Topical Steroid Therapy -
Steroids may be helpful in repigmenting (returning the color to white patches) the skin,
particularly if started early in the disease. Corticosteroids are a group of drugs similar
to the hormones produced by the adrenal glands (such as cortisone). Doctors often
prescribe a mild topical corticosteroid cream for children under 10 years old and a
stronger one for adults.
Psoralen Photochemotherapy -
Psoralen photochemotherapy (psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy, or PUVA) is probably the
most beneficial treatment for vitiligo available in the United States. However, it is
time-consuming and care must be taken to avoid side effects, which can sometimes be
severe. Psoralens are drugs that contain chemicals that react with ultraviolet light to
cause darkening of the skin. The treatment involves taking psoralen by mouth (orally) or
applying it to the skin (topically).
Pseudocatalase with Calcium Cream -
Catalase is deficient in areas of skin with vitiligo. Pseudocatalase cream is an
externally applied product that functions like catalase in that it is used to inhibit the
progression of pigment loss in vitiligo. It contains calcium chloride, manganese chloride,
sodium bicarbonate, and distilled water in a Vanicream Skin Cream (Vanicream is a
registered U.S. trademark of Pharmaceutical Specialties, Inc.). This formulation is not
commercially available. Pseudocatalase works by removing peroxides from vitiligo affected
skin. Peroxides are responsible for the destruction of melanocytes (pigment cells).
Depigmentation -
Depigmentation involves fading the rest of the skin on the body to match the already white
areas. For people who have vitiligo on more than 50 percent of their body, depigmentation
may be the best treatment option. Patients apply the drug monobenzylether of hydroquinone
(monobenzone or Benoquin*) twice a day to pigmented areas until they match the already
depigmented areas. Patients must avoid direct skin-to-skin contact with other people for
at least 2 hours after applying the drug. The major side effect of depigmentation therapy
is inflammation (redness and swelling) of the skin. Patients may experience itching, dry
skin, or abnormal darkening of the membrane that covers the white of the eye.
Depigmentation is permanent and cannot be reversed. In addition, a person who undergoes
depigmentation will always be abnormally sensitive to sunlight.
Surgical Therapies -
All surgical therapies must be viewed as experimental because their effectiveness and side
effects remain to be fully defined.
Sunscreens -
People who have vitiligo, particularly those with fair skin, should use a sunscreen that
provides protection from both the UVA and UVB forms of ultraviolet light. Sunscreen helps
protect the skin from sunburn and long-term damage. Sunscreen also minimizes tanning,
which makes the contrast between normal and depigmented skin less noticeable.
Cosmetics -
Some patients with vitiligo camouflage depigmented patches with stains, makeup, or
self-tanning lotions. These cosmetic products can be particularly effective for people
whose vitiligo is limited on exposed areas of the body. Dermablend, Lydia O'Leary,
Clinique, Fashion Flair, Vitadye, and Chromelin offer makeup or dyes that patients may
find helpful for covering up depigmented patches.
Counseling and Support -
Many people with vitiligo find it helpful to get counseling from a mental health
professional. People often find they can talk to their counselor about issues that are
difficult to discuss with anyone else. A mental health counselor can also offer patients
support and help in coping with vitiligo.
If a patient does not want treatment, that is, either repigmentation or depigmentation,
they can avoid being out in the sun and keep the skin as light as possible so that the
Vitiligo is not so noticeable.
In the future, treatment for Vitiligo may involve immunosuppression and autologous
pigment cell transplantation.
Viruses And Diseases
Viruses And Diseases
A virus is a tiny infectious agent that can only replicate when inside another organism's cells. Viruses will infect any type of organisms, animals, plants, human beings all included. Some of the common diseases caused by viruses include influenza, cold sores, chicken pox, and the common cold, while more serious and life threatening cases include the more prevalent AIDS, ebola, avian flu, SARS, swine flu to name but a few. The ability of a virus to cause disease is depicted in terms of its virulence.
There are some diseases however which are still under research to determine whether they are caused by viruses or not, a perfect example being the likely connection between neurological diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis and the human herpes virus 6 (HHV6). Still on point, alarming debate is going on whether the borna virus, which was previously suspected to be the causative agent of neurological diseases in horses, could be the culprit behind psychiatric conditions in humans.
Generally, viruses have diverse mechanisms in which they cause a disease in a living organism, which basically depends on the viral species in question. At the cellular level, mechanisms simply include cell lysis i.e. breaking open and ensuing death of the cell. When dealing with multicelluar organisms, effect can only be felt when all cells die in the entire organism. While a virus will typically disrupt the normal functioning of the body to cause diseases, some can still exist fairly harmless in an organism.
A perfect example of this is the herpes simplex virus, known to cause sores. It is able to remain in a dormant state in the human body. While they can eventually cause diseases, there presence can sometimes be beneficial as the mere presence of it can increase the body's immunity against pathogenic infections like Yersinia Pestis. Note however that some viruses are known to cause chronic or life-long infections, in cases where the virus continues to replicate inside the body regardless of the body's defense mechanism.
This is evident in hepatitis B and C virus infections. In such cases, individuals who are chronically infected are known as carriers as they act as stores of infectious viruses. In a society where many people are carriers, the disease will be termed as endemic. Virologists, the people who study viruses and their behaviors, are however always trying to identify the different viruses so that vaccination and treatment against them can be discovered.
A virus is a tiny infectious agent that can only replicate when inside another organism's cells. Viruses will infect any type of organisms, animals, plants, human beings all included. Some of the common diseases caused by viruses include influenza, cold sores, chicken pox, and the common cold, while more serious and life threatening cases include the more prevalent AIDS, ebola, avian flu, SARS, swine flu to name but a few. The ability of a virus to cause disease is depicted in terms of its virulence.
There are some diseases however which are still under research to determine whether they are caused by viruses or not, a perfect example being the likely connection between neurological diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis and the human herpes virus 6 (HHV6). Still on point, alarming debate is going on whether the borna virus, which was previously suspected to be the causative agent of neurological diseases in horses, could be the culprit behind psychiatric conditions in humans.
Generally, viruses have diverse mechanisms in which they cause a disease in a living organism, which basically depends on the viral species in question. At the cellular level, mechanisms simply include cell lysis i.e. breaking open and ensuing death of the cell. When dealing with multicelluar organisms, effect can only be felt when all cells die in the entire organism. While a virus will typically disrupt the normal functioning of the body to cause diseases, some can still exist fairly harmless in an organism.
A perfect example of this is the herpes simplex virus, known to cause sores. It is able to remain in a dormant state in the human body. While they can eventually cause diseases, there presence can sometimes be beneficial as the mere presence of it can increase the body's immunity against pathogenic infections like Yersinia Pestis. Note however that some viruses are known to cause chronic or life-long infections, in cases where the virus continues to replicate inside the body regardless of the body's defense mechanism.
This is evident in hepatitis B and C virus infections. In such cases, individuals who are chronically infected are known as carriers as they act as stores of infectious viruses. In a society where many people are carriers, the disease will be termed as endemic. Virologists, the people who study viruses and their behaviors, are however always trying to identify the different viruses so that vaccination and treatment against them can be discovered.
Different Methods Of Treating Varicose Veins
Different Methods Of Treating Varicose Veins
Varicose veins are abnormally swollen or enlarged blood vessels caused by a weakening
in the vein's wall, which often lead to pain and swelling in the leg. Varicose veins occur
from the backward flow of blood in the legs caused by damaged or diseased valves in the
veins. In the past, when the largest superficial veins were
involved, the only alternative was surgery to strip the defective vein, a procedure that
involves making an incision in the skin and either tying off or removing the blood
vessel.
Varicose and smaller spider veins affect an estimated 80 million adults in the U.S. For
some, they're simply a cosmetic concern. But for many others, varicose veins can cause
significant pain and discomfort. Sometimes they even lead to more serious problems.
Varicose veins run in families and are more common in women. They often ache, sometimes
itch, and usually cause swelling and pain in the feet and ankles.
The exact cause of spider and varicose veins is unknown, although heredity, pregnancy
and hormonal changes are believed to be contributing factors. As people age, these
unsightly veins become more common and often more pronounced. Forty-one percent of women
aged 40-50 years old have varicose veins, increasing to 72%
of women aged 60-70 years old. Among men aged 30-40 years old, 24% have varicose veins,
increasing to 43% among 70-year-old men.
After the blood has delivered oxygen throughout the body, veins carry it back toward
the heart. Veins have one-way valves to keep gravity from pulling the blood downward. In
varicose veins, the valves leak. Accumulated blood at these leak sites stretches the vein,
and pools of it cause lumps and kinks. The veins affected are just under the skin, so you
can clearly see the enlarged and twisted portions.
As you get older, though, your veins can lose elasticity, causing them to stretch and
balloon out. When that happens, the one-way valves may not function properly. Blood that
should be moving toward your heart may flow backward, stretching the walls of the veins
that may then become visible as varicose veins
You may have symptoms even before varicose veins appear. Symptoms can include an achy
or heavy feeling in your legs and burning, throbbing, muscle cramping and swelling in your
lower legs. Prolonged sitting or standing tends to make your legs feel worse.
Bulging varicose veins are often accompanied by itching around the vein. In more
advanced stages, open sores (ulcers) may develop around the ankle area. Ulcers represent a
severe form of vascular disease and require immediate attention.
A number of surgical treatment options are used to improve vein conditions. All
treatments are intended to remove or destroy a defective vein so that its function can be
quickly taken over by healthy veins.
Fortunately, treatment usually doesn't mean a hospital stay or a long, uncomfortable
recovery. New and less invasive techniques generally allow varicose veins to be dealt with
on an outpatient basis. In most cases, leg compression is recommended with one or more
treatment methods, lifestyle recommendations might include:
Minor problems may improve if you take regular walks, avoid long periods of standing,
and rest with your feet elevated. Your doctor may suggest wearing elastic stockings to
support the veins. If so, put them on right away in the morning before blood and fluid
have pooled in your feet and ankles.
Shedding excess pounds takes unnecessary pressure off your veins.
Avoid high heels. Low-heeled shoes work calf muscles more, which is better for veins.
Don't wear tight clothes around your calves or groin. Tight panty-leg girdles, for
instance, can restrict circulation.
Take three or four 10- to 15-minute breaks daily to elevate your legs above the level
of your heart (for example, by lying down with your legs resting on three or four pillows)
. Make a point of changing your position frequently to encourage blood flow.
See also: Chronic venous insufficiency
Varicose veins are abnormally swollen or enlarged blood vessels caused by a weakening
in the vein's wall, which often lead to pain and swelling in the leg. Varicose veins occur
from the backward flow of blood in the legs caused by damaged or diseased valves in the
veins. In the past, when the largest superficial veins were
involved, the only alternative was surgery to strip the defective vein, a procedure that
involves making an incision in the skin and either tying off or removing the blood
vessel.
Varicose and smaller spider veins affect an estimated 80 million adults in the U.S. For
some, they're simply a cosmetic concern. But for many others, varicose veins can cause
significant pain and discomfort. Sometimes they even lead to more serious problems.
Varicose veins run in families and are more common in women. They often ache, sometimes
itch, and usually cause swelling and pain in the feet and ankles.
The exact cause of spider and varicose veins is unknown, although heredity, pregnancy
and hormonal changes are believed to be contributing factors. As people age, these
unsightly veins become more common and often more pronounced. Forty-one percent of women
aged 40-50 years old have varicose veins, increasing to 72%
of women aged 60-70 years old. Among men aged 30-40 years old, 24% have varicose veins,
increasing to 43% among 70-year-old men.
After the blood has delivered oxygen throughout the body, veins carry it back toward
the heart. Veins have one-way valves to keep gravity from pulling the blood downward. In
varicose veins, the valves leak. Accumulated blood at these leak sites stretches the vein,
and pools of it cause lumps and kinks. The veins affected are just under the skin, so you
can clearly see the enlarged and twisted portions.
As you get older, though, your veins can lose elasticity, causing them to stretch and
balloon out. When that happens, the one-way valves may not function properly. Blood that
should be moving toward your heart may flow backward, stretching the walls of the veins
that may then become visible as varicose veins
You may have symptoms even before varicose veins appear. Symptoms can include an achy
or heavy feeling in your legs and burning, throbbing, muscle cramping and swelling in your
lower legs. Prolonged sitting or standing tends to make your legs feel worse.
Bulging varicose veins are often accompanied by itching around the vein. In more
advanced stages, open sores (ulcers) may develop around the ankle area. Ulcers represent a
severe form of vascular disease and require immediate attention.
A number of surgical treatment options are used to improve vein conditions. All
treatments are intended to remove or destroy a defective vein so that its function can be
quickly taken over by healthy veins.
Fortunately, treatment usually doesn't mean a hospital stay or a long, uncomfortable
recovery. New and less invasive techniques generally allow varicose veins to be dealt with
on an outpatient basis. In most cases, leg compression is recommended with one or more
treatment methods, lifestyle recommendations might include:
Minor problems may improve if you take regular walks, avoid long periods of standing,
and rest with your feet elevated. Your doctor may suggest wearing elastic stockings to
support the veins. If so, put them on right away in the morning before blood and fluid
have pooled in your feet and ankles.
Shedding excess pounds takes unnecessary pressure off your veins.
Avoid high heels. Low-heeled shoes work calf muscles more, which is better for veins.
Don't wear tight clothes around your calves or groin. Tight panty-leg girdles, for
instance, can restrict circulation.
Take three or four 10- to 15-minute breaks daily to elevate your legs above the level
of your heart (for example, by lying down with your legs resting on three or four pillows)
. Make a point of changing your position frequently to encourage blood flow.
See also: Chronic venous insufficiency
What Is Autoimmune Disease?
What Is Autoimmune Disease?
When the body's immune system starts to attack its own body tissues thinking that it is a foreign threat, then this is what is referred to autoimmune disorder. The immune system may start destroying insulin producing islet cells and this usually happens in the case of juvenile diabetes. This is a perfect example of autoimmune disease.
There is a case where the immune system can destroy the organs connecting tissues leading to lupus condition. The term autoimmune can also be used to refer to a varied group of more than 80 serious and chronic illnesses that usually involve almost every human organ system. Basically, predications have led to the fact that a single cause is the main culprit in the autoimmune diseases. In fact, there are suggestions that the autoimmune disease should just be regarded as one disease that normally manifests itself as many distinct syndromes. There is compelling, extensive and growing evidence in favor of this suggestion. It is always a case where there is misdirection to the body's immune system which starts attacking the very organs it was meant to protect.
For years, it has been known that a patient with autoimmune disease cab has a relative with the disease but it occurs that they don't have the same type. Autoimmune diseases have repeatedly been found by major genetic studies to be linked to the same region of an ethromosome as genes that are involved in the training of the immune system to identify "self" tissue. In the twists and turns regarding the autoimmune disease, it is possible that the sibling of a common identical human twin not to have the autoimmune disease but the parents have it. There are also many where different immune disease is expressed by twins. Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, lupus and psoriasis are some of the most common syndromes of the autoimmune disease.
Research by various organizations has failed to identify the response of this mechanism. But some of the suggestions hold that the immune response is triggered by various microorganisms and drugs. This usually happens in cases that have a genetic predisposition to an autoimmune disease. It is also very possible that some patients might experience the same auto immune disease at the same time. There is also various arthritis and its related conditions that are believed and considered to be autoimmune related diseases.
In simple terms, the autoimmune disease can be a group of conditions that have many common features.
When the body's immune system starts to attack its own body tissues thinking that it is a foreign threat, then this is what is referred to autoimmune disorder. The immune system may start destroying insulin producing islet cells and this usually happens in the case of juvenile diabetes. This is a perfect example of autoimmune disease.
There is a case where the immune system can destroy the organs connecting tissues leading to lupus condition. The term autoimmune can also be used to refer to a varied group of more than 80 serious and chronic illnesses that usually involve almost every human organ system. Basically, predications have led to the fact that a single cause is the main culprit in the autoimmune diseases. In fact, there are suggestions that the autoimmune disease should just be regarded as one disease that normally manifests itself as many distinct syndromes. There is compelling, extensive and growing evidence in favor of this suggestion. It is always a case where there is misdirection to the body's immune system which starts attacking the very organs it was meant to protect.
For years, it has been known that a patient with autoimmune disease cab has a relative with the disease but it occurs that they don't have the same type. Autoimmune diseases have repeatedly been found by major genetic studies to be linked to the same region of an ethromosome as genes that are involved in the training of the immune system to identify "self" tissue. In the twists and turns regarding the autoimmune disease, it is possible that the sibling of a common identical human twin not to have the autoimmune disease but the parents have it. There are also many where different immune disease is expressed by twins. Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, lupus and psoriasis are some of the most common syndromes of the autoimmune disease.
Research by various organizations has failed to identify the response of this mechanism. But some of the suggestions hold that the immune response is triggered by various microorganisms and drugs. This usually happens in cases that have a genetic predisposition to an autoimmune disease. It is also very possible that some patients might experience the same auto immune disease at the same time. There is also various arthritis and its related conditions that are believed and considered to be autoimmune related diseases.
In simple terms, the autoimmune disease can be a group of conditions that have many common features.
What Is Alzheimer's Disease?
What Is Alzheimer's Disease?
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that mostly affects people as they get older. The disease is known to cause memory loss in its victims. The disease is a form of dementia which results from the prevalence of plaques and tangles.
Plaques and tangles are protein deposits which accumulate in between nerve cells therefore preventing the passing of signals between the nerve cells. This communication between the nerve cells is responsible for the brain's ability to remember, learn or perform other important brain functions successfully. Tangles on the other hand are protein deposits right inside of the nerve cells. There are theories that tend to suggest that tangles prevent the nerve cells from communicating withy each other. There are allegations to the effect that this blocked communication leads to the death of most of the nerve cells and the excessive deaths of these cells eventually make the brain unable to function naturally.
The disease is more than prevalent as people get older. This perhaps is attributable to the fact that every body is bound to lose a few nerve cells as they grow older. it is however not clearly known what makes some people to lose a great amount of nerves leading to Alzheimer's disease. Most people with this condition start experiencing memory lapses from the age of 65 or there about. Their situation eventually deteriorates steadily with age.
Known factors that lead to Alzheimer's disease
Other than age, it has been proven that the disease tends to have some hereditary trends. It has genetic influence as it mostly occurs in members of a family. The genetic factors that lead to this condition have been studied in depth and two particular genes have been categorically picked to be predominantly significant in the development of the disease. ApoE 4 is one of the risk genes that contribute to the development of the disease; it is nonetheless not guaranteed that it directly causes the disease. The other gene is a deterministic gene which is however not very common as it is only traceable in a few hundreds of families in the whole world. The only difference between this gene and the ApoE 4 is the fact that almost all persons with this gene end up developing the Alzheimer's disease and unfortunately at n even much earlier age than other victims.
Family factors and genes are factors which are absolutely out of or control. There are however some other factors which will most likely lead to the development of the disease are a person's personal life style. One identified factor is the cause of head injuries either due to accidents or any other reason.
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that mostly affects people as they get older. The disease is known to cause memory loss in its victims. The disease is a form of dementia which results from the prevalence of plaques and tangles.
Plaques and tangles are protein deposits which accumulate in between nerve cells therefore preventing the passing of signals between the nerve cells. This communication between the nerve cells is responsible for the brain's ability to remember, learn or perform other important brain functions successfully. Tangles on the other hand are protein deposits right inside of the nerve cells. There are theories that tend to suggest that tangles prevent the nerve cells from communicating withy each other. There are allegations to the effect that this blocked communication leads to the death of most of the nerve cells and the excessive deaths of these cells eventually make the brain unable to function naturally.
The disease is more than prevalent as people get older. This perhaps is attributable to the fact that every body is bound to lose a few nerve cells as they grow older. it is however not clearly known what makes some people to lose a great amount of nerves leading to Alzheimer's disease. Most people with this condition start experiencing memory lapses from the age of 65 or there about. Their situation eventually deteriorates steadily with age.
Known factors that lead to Alzheimer's disease
Other than age, it has been proven that the disease tends to have some hereditary trends. It has genetic influence as it mostly occurs in members of a family. The genetic factors that lead to this condition have been studied in depth and two particular genes have been categorically picked to be predominantly significant in the development of the disease. ApoE 4 is one of the risk genes that contribute to the development of the disease; it is nonetheless not guaranteed that it directly causes the disease. The other gene is a deterministic gene which is however not very common as it is only traceable in a few hundreds of families in the whole world. The only difference between this gene and the ApoE 4 is the fact that almost all persons with this gene end up developing the Alzheimer's disease and unfortunately at n even much earlier age than other victims.
Family factors and genes are factors which are absolutely out of or control. There are however some other factors which will most likely lead to the development of the disease are a person's personal life style. One identified factor is the cause of head injuries either due to accidents or any other reason.
Water Borne Diseases
Water Borne Diseases
Water borne diseases are caused by drinking water which is contaminated. The main causes of contamination are human and animal waste as well as disease-causing microorganisms. These diseases can easily be treated in case they are diagnosed early enough. One should go for regular check-ups in case they are often exposed to contaminated drinking water.
Some water-borne diseases like cholera are known to have existed for a very long time. Others are very new and few people have heard or suffered from them. In the case of new diseases, it is important that diagnosis be carried out first before treatment can be done.
Water borne diseases outbreaks occur when there is a lot of contaminated water in the wrong places. It is important for one to understand the ecology of water-borne diseases in order to understand their transmission, cure and prevention measures.
The situation in developing countries is worth mentioning when it comes to water-borne diseases. Four fifths of all diseases that are reported in these countries are water-borne. In fact, diarrhea is the single leading cause of death among children in these countries.
The main reason why people suffer from these diseases is lack of clean, reliable water for drinking and cooking. Poor sanitation is a problem to 1.1 billion people in the world, who have no access to reliable water supply.
It is also important for people all over the world to understand how water-borne diseases are transmitted. In case the problem of water-borne diseases is to be overcome, pollution of water systems must be prevented at all costs. Drinking water must be kept clean all the time. Infected people must be taken care of in a hygienic manner in order to prevent transmission to a wide section of the population.
When septic tanks burst, it can cause a catastrophe, and a large section of the neighboring population might end up getting infected. This is why sewer treatment plants should be located away from residential areas. Manufacturing plants that throw waste into rivers are a major cause of water-borne diseases.
Outbreaks of water-borne diseases can be very dynamic. You always have to be vigilant especially if you live in an area where typhoid and cholera outbreaks are frequently reported. You should refrain from buying food that has been cooked in unhygienic conditions. It takes little effort to ensure that the water that you are drinking is clean and free from any disease-causing microorganisms. If you suspect to have been infected, it is good to go for a medical examination.
Water borne diseases are caused by drinking water which is contaminated. The main causes of contamination are human and animal waste as well as disease-causing microorganisms. These diseases can easily be treated in case they are diagnosed early enough. One should go for regular check-ups in case they are often exposed to contaminated drinking water.
Some water-borne diseases like cholera are known to have existed for a very long time. Others are very new and few people have heard or suffered from them. In the case of new diseases, it is important that diagnosis be carried out first before treatment can be done.
Water borne diseases outbreaks occur when there is a lot of contaminated water in the wrong places. It is important for one to understand the ecology of water-borne diseases in order to understand their transmission, cure and prevention measures.
The situation in developing countries is worth mentioning when it comes to water-borne diseases. Four fifths of all diseases that are reported in these countries are water-borne. In fact, diarrhea is the single leading cause of death among children in these countries.
The main reason why people suffer from these diseases is lack of clean, reliable water for drinking and cooking. Poor sanitation is a problem to 1.1 billion people in the world, who have no access to reliable water supply.
It is also important for people all over the world to understand how water-borne diseases are transmitted. In case the problem of water-borne diseases is to be overcome, pollution of water systems must be prevented at all costs. Drinking water must be kept clean all the time. Infected people must be taken care of in a hygienic manner in order to prevent transmission to a wide section of the population.
When septic tanks burst, it can cause a catastrophe, and a large section of the neighboring population might end up getting infected. This is why sewer treatment plants should be located away from residential areas. Manufacturing plants that throw waste into rivers are a major cause of water-borne diseases.
Outbreaks of water-borne diseases can be very dynamic. You always have to be vigilant especially if you live in an area where typhoid and cholera outbreaks are frequently reported. You should refrain from buying food that has been cooked in unhygienic conditions. It takes little effort to ensure that the water that you are drinking is clean and free from any disease-causing microorganisms. If you suspect to have been infected, it is good to go for a medical examination.
Treat Lyme Disease
Treat Lyme Disease
Lyme borreliosis is a vector-borne disease that accrues consequent to a tick bite. The causative agent is a bacterium known as spirochete. Spirochete bacterium is mainly found in such animals as deer and mice. To diagnose the Lyme disease doctors refer to physical symptoms like rashes, laboratory testing especially in developed stages of the disease and a patient's admission of exposure to any infected ticks.
In Northeastern United States and some parts of the upper Midwestern, have mice and deer. These are the main infected animals hosting ticks especially in late spring through summer to early fall. Consequently, most incidences of Lyme disease occur in these regions of the US.
If Lyme disease is left untreated for long, chances of recurrence are greater and one can develop some serious complications. Nevertheless, if treatment is initiated early enough, it can be treated with a complete resolution of all the symptoms. The following are ways in which you can treat Lyme disease.
The first step in treating Lyme disease is using a series of specific antibiotics as prescribed by the diagnosing physician. The most common antibiotics a physician may prescribe include amoxicillin, doxycycline and cefuroxime axetil. These antibiotics are usually prescribed prophylactically immediately a tick bite has been noted, with the dosage going for about 10 days.
Some physicians will then administer further antibiotics like Rocephin, via an intravenous line. This is especially the case when a patient's nervous system has been affected by the time Lyme disease is diagnosed.
There is need to exercise caution when treating Lyme disease among pregnant women. The re is need to determine the appropriate antibiotics administered since studies have shown there is a chance of a pregnant mother transferred the Lyme disease to a fetus, This may further complicate the pregnancy. Physicians will direct the ideal drugs to be used to ensure that the disease is treated and that the fetus is also safe.
In most cases where the Lyme disease has affected the joints and probable inflicted an arthritic condition, physicians use cortisone injections. The best way of noting such complications is when a patient has swollen joints. Again, the physician will prescribe oral medication like ibuprofen, to curb pain, reduce the joint swelling and improve a patient's mobility.
The rash that indicates infection of Lyme disease, especially in children, should disappear within days after the antibiotic treatment is initiated. The condition should however be tested before one is declared fully treated to avoid reoccurrence.
Lyme borreliosis is a vector-borne disease that accrues consequent to a tick bite. The causative agent is a bacterium known as spirochete. Spirochete bacterium is mainly found in such animals as deer and mice. To diagnose the Lyme disease doctors refer to physical symptoms like rashes, laboratory testing especially in developed stages of the disease and a patient's admission of exposure to any infected ticks.
In Northeastern United States and some parts of the upper Midwestern, have mice and deer. These are the main infected animals hosting ticks especially in late spring through summer to early fall. Consequently, most incidences of Lyme disease occur in these regions of the US.
If Lyme disease is left untreated for long, chances of recurrence are greater and one can develop some serious complications. Nevertheless, if treatment is initiated early enough, it can be treated with a complete resolution of all the symptoms. The following are ways in which you can treat Lyme disease.
The first step in treating Lyme disease is using a series of specific antibiotics as prescribed by the diagnosing physician. The most common antibiotics a physician may prescribe include amoxicillin, doxycycline and cefuroxime axetil. These antibiotics are usually prescribed prophylactically immediately a tick bite has been noted, with the dosage going for about 10 days.
Some physicians will then administer further antibiotics like Rocephin, via an intravenous line. This is especially the case when a patient's nervous system has been affected by the time Lyme disease is diagnosed.
There is need to exercise caution when treating Lyme disease among pregnant women. The re is need to determine the appropriate antibiotics administered since studies have shown there is a chance of a pregnant mother transferred the Lyme disease to a fetus, This may further complicate the pregnancy. Physicians will direct the ideal drugs to be used to ensure that the disease is treated and that the fetus is also safe.
In most cases where the Lyme disease has affected the joints and probable inflicted an arthritic condition, physicians use cortisone injections. The best way of noting such complications is when a patient has swollen joints. Again, the physician will prescribe oral medication like ibuprofen, to curb pain, reduce the joint swelling and improve a patient's mobility.
The rash that indicates infection of Lyme disease, especially in children, should disappear within days after the antibiotic treatment is initiated. The condition should however be tested before one is declared fully treated to avoid reoccurrence.
Treating Tinnitus
Treating Tinnitus
Hearing is a series of events in which sound waves in the air
produce electrical signals and cause nerve impulses to be sent to the
brain where they are interpreted as sound. The ear has three main
parts: the outer, middle and inner ear. Sound waves enter through the
outer ear and reach the middle ear where they cause the ear drum to
vibrate. The vibrations are transmitted through three tiny bones in the
middle ear, called the ossicles. These three bones are named the
malleus, incus and stapes (and are also known as the hammer, anvil and
stirrup). The ear drum and ossicles amplify the vibrations and carry
them to the inner ear. The stirrup transmits the amplified vibrations
through the oval window and into the fluid that fills the inner ear.
The vibrations move through fluid in the snail-shaped hearing part of
the inner ear (cochlea) that contains the hair cells. The fluid in the
cochlea moves the top portion of the hair cells, called the hair
bundle, which initiates the changes that lead to the production of the
nerve impulses. These nerve impulses are carried to the brain where
they are interpreted as sound. Different sounds move to the population
of hair cells in different ways, thus allowing the brain to distinguish
among various sounds.
For the first time, scientists (Alan H. Lockwood, M.D., of the State University of New
York in Buffalo) have located an area in the brain involved in the production of tinnitus.
Tinnitus is a ringing, roaring, buzzing, or clicking sound that occurs inside the head,
it is often referred to as "ringing in the ears." The noise can be intermittent or
constant, with single or multiple tones; it can be subtle or at a life-shattering level.
It can strike people of all ages and, for most, it is difficult to treat.
There are currently over 50 million Americans who are affected by tinnitus to some
degree. Of these, about 12 million suffer severely enough to seek medical attention. And,
about one million sufferers are so seriously debilitated that they cannot function on a
"normal," day-to-day basis.
Using positron-emission tomography (PET), Dr. Lockwood's group was able to map brain
regions of individuals who had tinnitus in only one ear. These individuals also had the
ability to change the loudness of their tinnitus by performing special movements of their
face and mouth. Cerebral blood flow, an indication of increased brain activity, was
measured while these individuals were at rest, and performed the movements that affected
their tinnitus, and while listening to loud beeps or pure tones that were presented using
ear phones. The PET scan detected changes in the auditory cortex, that part of the brain
that processes sounds, on the side of the brain opposite the tinnitus. In contrast, the
auditory cortex on both sides of the brain reacted to pure tones presented to one ear at a
time. Since external tones presented to one ear affect both sides of the brain, the fact
that the internal tones of tinnitus affect only one side of brain indicate that tinnitus
may be initiated by brain activity rather than by the ear.
Having the ability to image brain activity patterns during various communication events
involving stuttering, aphasia, tinnitus, and American Sign Language is revolutionizing our
understanding of normal and disordered processes of human communication. In one of many
remarkable advances this year, NIDCD scientists are able to visualize brain activity
occurring with tinnitus, or ringing in the ears. Tinnitus has been extremely difficult to
study without an objective model as it is associated with virtually every kind of hearing
loss. These studies provide ground-breaking information about the nature of tinnitus,
which will hopefully lead to improved strategies for diagnosis and treatment for the
millions of Americans challenged with the incessant or intermittent audiotory sensation
that is tinnitus.
While not every case of tinnitus has an apparent source, there are a variety of causes.
Exposure to loud noise, either over an extended period of time or one extreme incident, is
probably the most common. Other possible causes of tinnitus include: certain medical
conditions; certain medications; allergies.
Exposure to harmful sounds causes damage to the sensitive hair cells of the inner ear
and to the nerve of hearing. These structures can be injured by noise in two different
ways: from an intense brief impulse, such as an explosion, or from continuous exposure to
noise, such as that in a woodworking shop.
The effect from impulse sound can be instantaneous and can result in an immediate
hearing loss that may be permanent. The structures of the inner ear may be severely
damaged. This kind of hearing loss may be accompanied by tinnitus, which may subside over
time. Hearing loss and tinnitus may be experienced in one or both ears, and tinnitus may
continue constantly or intermittently throughout a lifetime.
There is not a cure for tinnitus. However, a variety of treatment options exist that
offer varying levels of relief to many sufferers. Treatment options include:
Be sure to consult with a qualified healthcare professional who treats tinnitus for
more information about these and other treatment options.
Hearing is a series of events in which sound waves in the air
produce electrical signals and cause nerve impulses to be sent to the
brain where they are interpreted as sound. The ear has three main
parts: the outer, middle and inner ear. Sound waves enter through the
outer ear and reach the middle ear where they cause the ear drum to
vibrate. The vibrations are transmitted through three tiny bones in the
middle ear, called the ossicles. These three bones are named the
malleus, incus and stapes (and are also known as the hammer, anvil and
stirrup). The ear drum and ossicles amplify the vibrations and carry
them to the inner ear. The stirrup transmits the amplified vibrations
through the oval window and into the fluid that fills the inner ear.
The vibrations move through fluid in the snail-shaped hearing part of
the inner ear (cochlea) that contains the hair cells. The fluid in the
cochlea moves the top portion of the hair cells, called the hair
bundle, which initiates the changes that lead to the production of the
nerve impulses. These nerve impulses are carried to the brain where
they are interpreted as sound. Different sounds move to the population
of hair cells in different ways, thus allowing the brain to distinguish
among various sounds.
For the first time, scientists (Alan H. Lockwood, M.D., of the State University of New
York in Buffalo) have located an area in the brain involved in the production of tinnitus.
Tinnitus is a ringing, roaring, buzzing, or clicking sound that occurs inside the head,
it is often referred to as "ringing in the ears." The noise can be intermittent or
constant, with single or multiple tones; it can be subtle or at a life-shattering level.
It can strike people of all ages and, for most, it is difficult to treat.
There are currently over 50 million Americans who are affected by tinnitus to some
degree. Of these, about 12 million suffer severely enough to seek medical attention. And,
about one million sufferers are so seriously debilitated that they cannot function on a
"normal," day-to-day basis.
Using positron-emission tomography (PET), Dr. Lockwood's group was able to map brain
regions of individuals who had tinnitus in only one ear. These individuals also had the
ability to change the loudness of their tinnitus by performing special movements of their
face and mouth. Cerebral blood flow, an indication of increased brain activity, was
measured while these individuals were at rest, and performed the movements that affected
their tinnitus, and while listening to loud beeps or pure tones that were presented using
ear phones. The PET scan detected changes in the auditory cortex, that part of the brain
that processes sounds, on the side of the brain opposite the tinnitus. In contrast, the
auditory cortex on both sides of the brain reacted to pure tones presented to one ear at a
time. Since external tones presented to one ear affect both sides of the brain, the fact
that the internal tones of tinnitus affect only one side of brain indicate that tinnitus
may be initiated by brain activity rather than by the ear.
Having the ability to image brain activity patterns during various communication events
involving stuttering, aphasia, tinnitus, and American Sign Language is revolutionizing our
understanding of normal and disordered processes of human communication. In one of many
remarkable advances this year, NIDCD scientists are able to visualize brain activity
occurring with tinnitus, or ringing in the ears. Tinnitus has been extremely difficult to
study without an objective model as it is associated with virtually every kind of hearing
loss. These studies provide ground-breaking information about the nature of tinnitus,
which will hopefully lead to improved strategies for diagnosis and treatment for the
millions of Americans challenged with the incessant or intermittent audiotory sensation
that is tinnitus.
While not every case of tinnitus has an apparent source, there are a variety of causes.
Exposure to loud noise, either over an extended period of time or one extreme incident, is
probably the most common. Other possible causes of tinnitus include: certain medical
conditions; certain medications; allergies.
Exposure to harmful sounds causes damage to the sensitive hair cells of the inner ear
and to the nerve of hearing. These structures can be injured by noise in two different
ways: from an intense brief impulse, such as an explosion, or from continuous exposure to
noise, such as that in a woodworking shop.
The effect from impulse sound can be instantaneous and can result in an immediate
hearing loss that may be permanent. The structures of the inner ear may be severely
damaged. This kind of hearing loss may be accompanied by tinnitus, which may subside over
time. Hearing loss and tinnitus may be experienced in one or both ears, and tinnitus may
continue constantly or intermittently throughout a lifetime.
There is not a cure for tinnitus. However, a variety of treatment options exist that
offer varying levels of relief to many sufferers. Treatment options include:
- biofeedback
- hearing aids
- medication
- masking
- Tinnitus Retraining Therapy
- TMJ treatment
Be sure to consult with a qualified healthcare professional who treats tinnitus for
more information about these and other treatment options.
Ticks And Lyme Disease
Ticks And Lyme Disease
When it comes to prevention and management of diseases, knowledge is precious. It is important to know about ticks and Lyme disease for those people who rear dogs.
In Lyme disease, the risk of infection is usually higher in some regions than others. It is important to know about the area one lives, and about the ticks and Lyme disease in the area. Dog ticks have been reported to be the common carriers of Lyme disease.
Often, deer ticks and Lyme disease have been found to be synonymous in most parts of the world. It is therefore equally important to know about the types of ticks prevalent in an area.
To be in a better position to prevent ticks and Lyme disease in general, it is vital to maintain tick-free dogs by regular washing and treatment of dogs. When the tick bites the dog and attaches itself to the dog for about twelve hours or more, there is a high risk of infection. Therefore, if the tick is found and removed early (before twelve hours elapse), one is sure to eliminate the risk of Lyme disease infection.
To know if a dog has been bitten and infected, it is important to take tests. The common test is an antibody test. However, this test can be tricky since previous exposure to infected ticks and Lyme disease would show a positive result, which could not be a true representation of facts. All in all, for precaution, it is advisable to administer antibiotics if the test turns positive.
The symptoms to be watched out for in dogs that have been exposed to ticks and Lyme disease include limping in dogs, sluggishness or lack of appetite. If these symptoms are portrayed by your dog, it is wise to consult a veterinary doctor. These are possible indications that the dog might have Lyme disease, though it is also possible that they may be a sign of something totally different. If any of these symptoms is noticed, the best thing to do is to visit a veterinary doctor.
It is also a good precaution to perform regular checks on the dog to find out whether the dog has ticks, and eliminate them quickly. The higher the exposure a dog has to ticks, the higher the risk it has to Lyme disease, and by extension the more risky it is to human beings.
When it comes to prevention and management of diseases, knowledge is precious. It is important to know about ticks and Lyme disease for those people who rear dogs.
In Lyme disease, the risk of infection is usually higher in some regions than others. It is important to know about the area one lives, and about the ticks and Lyme disease in the area. Dog ticks have been reported to be the common carriers of Lyme disease.
Often, deer ticks and Lyme disease have been found to be synonymous in most parts of the world. It is therefore equally important to know about the types of ticks prevalent in an area.
To be in a better position to prevent ticks and Lyme disease in general, it is vital to maintain tick-free dogs by regular washing and treatment of dogs. When the tick bites the dog and attaches itself to the dog for about twelve hours or more, there is a high risk of infection. Therefore, if the tick is found and removed early (before twelve hours elapse), one is sure to eliminate the risk of Lyme disease infection.
To know if a dog has been bitten and infected, it is important to take tests. The common test is an antibody test. However, this test can be tricky since previous exposure to infected ticks and Lyme disease would show a positive result, which could not be a true representation of facts. All in all, for precaution, it is advisable to administer antibiotics if the test turns positive.
The symptoms to be watched out for in dogs that have been exposed to ticks and Lyme disease include limping in dogs, sluggishness or lack of appetite. If these symptoms are portrayed by your dog, it is wise to consult a veterinary doctor. These are possible indications that the dog might have Lyme disease, though it is also possible that they may be a sign of something totally different. If any of these symptoms is noticed, the best thing to do is to visit a veterinary doctor.
It is also a good precaution to perform regular checks on the dog to find out whether the dog has ticks, and eliminate them quickly. The higher the exposure a dog has to ticks, the higher the risk it has to Lyme disease, and by extension the more risky it is to human beings.
When is a Woman Most Fertile?
When is a Woman Most Fertile? Normally, a woman is most fertile at or around her ovulation period that corresponds to Day 14 of a normal 28 days ovarian cycle. It is very important to know your fertile period for a number of reasons. First of all, if you are looking to get pregnant, here is your chance to conceive by frequent intercourse just before or soon after ovulation. On the other hand if you want to prevent pregnancy, avoiding physical intercourse for 5 days before and 3 days after ovulation is sufficient, without needing any other mode of contraception. This article will provide a more detailed discussion about when a woman is most fertile.
When is a Woman Most Fertile?
What factors are most important for fertility? Following factors determine the fertility in females that may help in accomplishing targeted goals.
1. Age and Fertility
Fertility decreases as a woman age. Previously it was believed that the female fertility decreases significantly after 35 years of age; however, latest research suggest that women are most fertile when they are between 19 to 26-year-old, after which fertility decreases significantly with each passing year. The statistical data indicated that by the time women reach 27 to 34, her chances of getting pregnant are 40% less than those who are under 26.
Consequently, a woman has only 30% chance of getting pregnant after 35 in any given cycle with even lesser chance if the male partner is 5 years or older (due to defects in the quality and quantity of sperms).
The following chart shows the chances of getting pregnant depending on the age. It's important to know that the chart serves only as a guide, which shows the average pregnancy rate for women in their best health condition.
2. Ovulation and Fertility
Besides age, a woman is only fertile when she is ovulating. To learn more about your ovulation period, it is important to learn Fertility awareness - a concept that is helpful in planning your pregnancy naturally. Generally a woman is fertile for only 5 days during an entire 28 day ovarian cycle that corresponds to:
The normal length of an ovarian cycle is anywhere between 24 to 35 days and generally ovulation precede menstrual cycle from 12 to 16 days. Planning your pregnancy demands a little knowledge about your ovarian cycle, since length of cycle vary among different women and even in the same women at different points of life.
The following methods are generally helpful in knowing more about your cycle and fertility period:
1. Calendar (Rhythm) method
Calendar method is simple and most practical in women who have regular menstrual cycles. You can track your cycle length on a calendar and calculate your estimated time of ovulation in order to determine most fertile period. Make sure to measure a few cycles to ascertain with precision. Your most fertile period is anywhere between 4-5 days before ovulation.
Although fairly helpful, this method is not very accurate due to variability of menstrual cycle length in women due to hormonal, dietary and lifestyle habits.
2. Standard days method (SDM)
This is one of the helpful natural methods for women who have regular cycles between 26 and 32 days. These women can use CycleBeads to keep the track of their cycles. For example, the cycle starts with red bead that denotes Day 1 of the cycle and if you continue counting each bead as one day, you will get to brown bead (that corresponds to Day 26) before the last bead (that denotes the last day of the cycle or Day 32). Once again, if your cycle length is variable, it is better to choose other methods for the estimation of fertile period.
3. Basal body temperature (BBT) method
Basal body temperature is another popular method that is used by a lot of women to ascertain their ovulation, marked by a rise of 1- 2 degrees due to luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. This method requires you to maintain a basal body temperature chart by taking the lowest temperature of the day. Just before ovulation, most women observe a slight drop in the body temperature due to hormonal influence that is followed by a rise of 1- 2 degrees a couple of days after ovulation. Increasing the frequency of intercourse during this period increases your chances of getting pregnant significantly.
4. Cervical mucus method (Billings method)
Monitoring of cervical mucus also helps in knowing about your ovulation. Most women can feel noticeable thinning of mucus that is stringy and clear. When ovulation time is not near, cervical mucus is generally thick and cloudy with very little amount of discharge.
5. Hormone monitoring
Ovulation predictor kits are commercially available that detect changes in the concentration of hormonal breakdown products secreted in urine. You can dip a test strip in your urine and then read the level. More specialized dip sticks give actual amounts of luteinizing hormone (LH) that is being produced by your body. By far, this is the most reliable and hassle free methods available today.
6. Combined (symptothermal) method
Since all above listed methods give a presumptive idea about the fertile period, researchers suggest that it is far more helpful if you combine three or more tests to increase the credibility and accuracy of findings. This method combines cervical mucus discharge changes, basal body temperature rise, estimation of hormone breakdown products in your blood and lastly physical changes that follow ovulation like weight gain, tenderness in breast, bloating and alteration in normal mood and behavior.
How to Improve Fertility
Some helpful tips that can improve your chances of getting pregnant are:
1. Fertility Massage
Massaging helps in improving blood supply to the uterine cavity and other parts of female reproductive system that helps in elimination of toxins and chemicals.
You can refer to the following youtube video:
2. Yoga
Yoga and exercises promote natural health and well-being. Physical activity is needed by all the individuals to maintain optimal health and normal metabolism. Yoga and meditation are long known to promote fertility in females by adjusting hormonal secretion and release and also by increasing the blood flow to ovaries and all other parts of the reproductive system.
You can refer to the following youtube video:
3. Foods and Herbs
Certain foods and herbs are helpful in improving female fertility by supplying essential nutrients for growth and development of egg. Foods rich in anti-oxidants promote fertility by decreasing age related wear and tea. Foods that can help improve fertility include: high fiber foods, whole grains, grass-fed meat, cold water fish and organic fruits& vegetables.
Moreover herbs like alfalfa, gingko biloba, Dong Quai, ginseng, primrose oil and saw palmetto are also helpful in stabilizing the hormonal production and release to maintain the integrity of female reproductive cycles. Make sure to take daily multi-vitamins but it is also suggested to consult a healthcare provider to avoid any drug reaction or toxicities of herbs.
When is a Woman Most Fertile?
What factors are most important for fertility? Following factors determine the fertility in females that may help in accomplishing targeted goals.
1. Age and Fertility
Fertility decreases as a woman age. Previously it was believed that the female fertility decreases significantly after 35 years of age; however, latest research suggest that women are most fertile when they are between 19 to 26-year-old, after which fertility decreases significantly with each passing year. The statistical data indicated that by the time women reach 27 to 34, her chances of getting pregnant are 40% less than those who are under 26.
Consequently, a woman has only 30% chance of getting pregnant after 35 in any given cycle with even lesser chance if the male partner is 5 years or older (due to defects in the quality and quantity of sperms).
The following chart shows the chances of getting pregnant depending on the age. It's important to know that the chart serves only as a guide, which shows the average pregnancy rate for women in their best health condition.
2. Ovulation and Fertility
Besides age, a woman is only fertile when she is ovulating. To learn more about your ovulation period, it is important to learn Fertility awareness - a concept that is helpful in planning your pregnancy naturally. Generally a woman is fertile for only 5 days during an entire 28 day ovarian cycle that corresponds to:
- 10th day of a 24- day ovarian cycle
- 14th day of a 28- day ovarian cycle
- 21st day of a 35- day ovarian cycle
The normal length of an ovarian cycle is anywhere between 24 to 35 days and generally ovulation precede menstrual cycle from 12 to 16 days. Planning your pregnancy demands a little knowledge about your ovarian cycle, since length of cycle vary among different women and even in the same women at different points of life.
The following methods are generally helpful in knowing more about your cycle and fertility period:
1. Calendar (Rhythm) method
Calendar method is simple and most practical in women who have regular menstrual cycles. You can track your cycle length on a calendar and calculate your estimated time of ovulation in order to determine most fertile period. Make sure to measure a few cycles to ascertain with precision. Your most fertile period is anywhere between 4-5 days before ovulation.
Although fairly helpful, this method is not very accurate due to variability of menstrual cycle length in women due to hormonal, dietary and lifestyle habits.
2. Standard days method (SDM)
This is one of the helpful natural methods for women who have regular cycles between 26 and 32 days. These women can use CycleBeads to keep the track of their cycles. For example, the cycle starts with red bead that denotes Day 1 of the cycle and if you continue counting each bead as one day, you will get to brown bead (that corresponds to Day 26) before the last bead (that denotes the last day of the cycle or Day 32). Once again, if your cycle length is variable, it is better to choose other methods for the estimation of fertile period.
3. Basal body temperature (BBT) method
Basal body temperature is another popular method that is used by a lot of women to ascertain their ovulation, marked by a rise of 1- 2 degrees due to luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. This method requires you to maintain a basal body temperature chart by taking the lowest temperature of the day. Just before ovulation, most women observe a slight drop in the body temperature due to hormonal influence that is followed by a rise of 1- 2 degrees a couple of days after ovulation. Increasing the frequency of intercourse during this period increases your chances of getting pregnant significantly.
4. Cervical mucus method (Billings method)
Monitoring of cervical mucus also helps in knowing about your ovulation. Most women can feel noticeable thinning of mucus that is stringy and clear. When ovulation time is not near, cervical mucus is generally thick and cloudy with very little amount of discharge.
5. Hormone monitoring
Ovulation predictor kits are commercially available that detect changes in the concentration of hormonal breakdown products secreted in urine. You can dip a test strip in your urine and then read the level. More specialized dip sticks give actual amounts of luteinizing hormone (LH) that is being produced by your body. By far, this is the most reliable and hassle free methods available today.
6. Combined (symptothermal) method
Since all above listed methods give a presumptive idea about the fertile period, researchers suggest that it is far more helpful if you combine three or more tests to increase the credibility and accuracy of findings. This method combines cervical mucus discharge changes, basal body temperature rise, estimation of hormone breakdown products in your blood and lastly physical changes that follow ovulation like weight gain, tenderness in breast, bloating and alteration in normal mood and behavior.
How to Improve Fertility
Some helpful tips that can improve your chances of getting pregnant are:
1. Fertility Massage
Massaging helps in improving blood supply to the uterine cavity and other parts of female reproductive system that helps in elimination of toxins and chemicals.
You can refer to the following youtube video:
2. Yoga
Yoga and exercises promote natural health and well-being. Physical activity is needed by all the individuals to maintain optimal health and normal metabolism. Yoga and meditation are long known to promote fertility in females by adjusting hormonal secretion and release and also by increasing the blood flow to ovaries and all other parts of the reproductive system.
You can refer to the following youtube video:
3. Foods and Herbs
Certain foods and herbs are helpful in improving female fertility by supplying essential nutrients for growth and development of egg. Foods rich in anti-oxidants promote fertility by decreasing age related wear and tea. Foods that can help improve fertility include: high fiber foods, whole grains, grass-fed meat, cold water fish and organic fruits& vegetables.
Moreover herbs like alfalfa, gingko biloba, Dong Quai, ginseng, primrose oil and saw palmetto are also helpful in stabilizing the hormonal production and release to maintain the integrity of female reproductive cycles. Make sure to take daily multi-vitamins but it is also suggested to consult a healthcare provider to avoid any drug reaction or toxicities of herbs.
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