Warts on Tongue Warts are small lesions or bumps that can develop anywhere in the body and even inside the mouth. It can develop on the lips and tongue also but often they are painless and harmless. Tongue warts occur either as single or in groups. They are irregular in shape, size and texture. Warts are tiny and discrete bumps which are rough in shape and white or red in color. Warts on tongue are caused by viral infection and often they are transmitted through oral sex. Treatment is available in various forms from topical creams to laser therapy.
Risk Factors :
Oral warts are at high risk of developing in people who have sexually transmitted diseases. People with weak immunity are more prone to develop warts on tongue than others. Certain ethnic groups like Asians and black people are at high risk of developing oral warts. Those who are involved in meat industry like handling and processing meat are at high risk of developing oral warts. Oral warts are common in any age group but are high in young adults.
Causes :
It is the HPV virus that causes warts on tongue. There are hundreds of strains of human papilloma virus causing oral warts and genital warts. Among them HPV2, HPV13 and HPV32 are identified causing warts on tongue. The main method of spreading is through kissing the genitals. A person having poor genital hygiene can easily transmit the virus to their partners.
Symptoms :
When a person develops warts on tongue he would develop irritation while eating food and there can be difficulty in chewing food. It can cause painful sores on the tongue varying in shape and size. The presence of warts on tongue can cause discomfort and pain to the person. Some people will have problems in speaking due to irritation and discomfort. Warts appear as lesions or raised tiny section on the tongue.
Diagnosis :
No special test is required for detecting oral warts. It can be identified on physical exam.
Treatment :
Treatment of warts on tongue can be difficult due to its tiny size and location on the tongue. Topical creams and antiviral ointments can be applied on the warts which would destroy the virus and prevent further development of warts. Oral medications are given for managing pain and irritation. Some people believe that applying tea tree oil with cotton swab on the wart will destroy the virus gradually. Similarly you can get remedy by rubbing the banana peel or crushed potatoes on the warts for getting relief from irritation. Garlic is considered to have antiseptic properties and hence you can smash some garlic or use garlic paste on the warts to destroy them.
Surgical methods of removing warts include cryotherapy (by freezing the wart with liquid nitrogen), laser therapy (destroying it with laser beam), and injection (by injecting interpheron alpha) and gently cutting and removing it using specially sterilized instruments. Often the warts on tongue would recur on the same person. Avoid pricking or cutting the warts on your own since this can lead to complications of bleeding. Eat only soft and crushed foods that are soothing to the tongue.
Prevention :
You can prevent developing warts on tongue by wearing condoms while doing oral sex. Alternatively you can apply dental dams to prevent such infection. But even the above methods cannot guarantee total protection. You need to avoid having any type of sexual contact with the person having infection.
Showing posts with label Risk Factors. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Risk Factors. Show all posts
Monday, March 30, 2015
Amblyopia
Amblyopia Amblyopia also known as lazy eye is abnormal vision seen in infancy and childhood. Lazy vision is reduced vision that can affect the visual perception of the child. Actually amblyopia is seen in only one eye, but left untreated it can affect total vision also. Amblyopia can cause loss of vision from mild to severe. It is caused due to reduced neuromuscular communication between the brain and the eyes. The brain receives signal from only one eye and reduced weak signal from the other eye. It ignores the weak signal of the affected eye causing lazy eye. Amblyopia can be corrected with eye patches, eyeglasses or lenses. About 2-3% of American children have amblyopia.
Symptoms :
Since amblyopia begins in infancy or childhood, it is difficult to identify. The baby may have wandering eye that moves either inward or outward. If you grab the attention of the infant by showing some objects, the eyes may not focus together. The baby may have reduced perception in one eye.
If you observe any of the above symptoms in your baby you need to consult your doctor immediately. The child may have blurred vision or turned out vision due to crossed eyes. If there is wandering of eyes after few weeks of birth, you can report it to your primary care physician.
Causes :
The major cause of amblyopia is strabismus or crossed eyes. Babies or children having crossed eyes are likely to develop amblyopia. Misalignment of eyes or reduced communication between the brain and eye muscles can be the cause of amblyopia. Imbalanced muscle would prevent the eyes to track the object together.
You can detect this problem by simply closing one eye of the baby with your hand and check if he/she is comfortable in indentifying favorite toy. If the child cries or fusses and not able to complete the task it can be due to amblyopia. Hereditary is another factor for amblyopia which tends to run in families. Deprivation can block the clear vision of the child causing cloudy or blurred vision. Some children can have astigmatism right from birth which is a refractive error. This can cause vision problems.
Risk Factors :
Children born to parents with vision problems are more prone to develop amblyopia than others. Children with low birth weight and those with a family history of vision problem can develop lazy eye. Amblyopia should be treated without any delay; else it can cause permanent loss of vision.
Diagnosis :
Routine physical exam at primary health care center would reveal any abnormality in the eyes of the infant. Wandering eyes is the strong indication of amblyopia. Your ophthalmologist will examine the baby’s eye through a special device or test his eyes by red reflex test. She would check whether the child has strabismus or crossed eyes. Depending on the age of your child, your doctor may conduct suitable test. Infants are tested using moving object, toddlers by reflex test and preschoolers will be asked to read some letters and identify pictures.
Treatment :
Treatment for amblyopia or lazy eye should begin in early childhood depending on the intensity of the problem. For mild vision abnormality, your doctor may suggest corrective eyewear like eyeglasses or contact lenses, if the problem is due to astigmatism. For some children the doctor may recommend eye patches. The child will have to cover the normal (strong) eye with a patch so that weak eye would outgrow the problem of reduced vision gradually. Children above 4 or 5 years can use this method of treatment.
Eye-drops like atropine can be applied on the strong eye which can cause temporary blurring of vision. The weak eye will be stimulated eventually to focus the object correctly. In severe cases, surgery has to be done for correcting lazy eye or amblyopia. Children having cataracts or droopy eyelid are to be surgically operated for correcting the vision. In some cases, combination of two methods would give the best output in few weeks. Any type of treatment will yield positive results, if started in early childhood.
Symptoms :
Since amblyopia begins in infancy or childhood, it is difficult to identify. The baby may have wandering eye that moves either inward or outward. If you grab the attention of the infant by showing some objects, the eyes may not focus together. The baby may have reduced perception in one eye.
If you observe any of the above symptoms in your baby you need to consult your doctor immediately. The child may have blurred vision or turned out vision due to crossed eyes. If there is wandering of eyes after few weeks of birth, you can report it to your primary care physician.
Causes :
The major cause of amblyopia is strabismus or crossed eyes. Babies or children having crossed eyes are likely to develop amblyopia. Misalignment of eyes or reduced communication between the brain and eye muscles can be the cause of amblyopia. Imbalanced muscle would prevent the eyes to track the object together.
You can detect this problem by simply closing one eye of the baby with your hand and check if he/she is comfortable in indentifying favorite toy. If the child cries or fusses and not able to complete the task it can be due to amblyopia. Hereditary is another factor for amblyopia which tends to run in families. Deprivation can block the clear vision of the child causing cloudy or blurred vision. Some children can have astigmatism right from birth which is a refractive error. This can cause vision problems.
Risk Factors :
Children born to parents with vision problems are more prone to develop amblyopia than others. Children with low birth weight and those with a family history of vision problem can develop lazy eye. Amblyopia should be treated without any delay; else it can cause permanent loss of vision.
Diagnosis :
Routine physical exam at primary health care center would reveal any abnormality in the eyes of the infant. Wandering eyes is the strong indication of amblyopia. Your ophthalmologist will examine the baby’s eye through a special device or test his eyes by red reflex test. She would check whether the child has strabismus or crossed eyes. Depending on the age of your child, your doctor may conduct suitable test. Infants are tested using moving object, toddlers by reflex test and preschoolers will be asked to read some letters and identify pictures.
Treatment :
Treatment for amblyopia or lazy eye should begin in early childhood depending on the intensity of the problem. For mild vision abnormality, your doctor may suggest corrective eyewear like eyeglasses or contact lenses, if the problem is due to astigmatism. For some children the doctor may recommend eye patches. The child will have to cover the normal (strong) eye with a patch so that weak eye would outgrow the problem of reduced vision gradually. Children above 4 or 5 years can use this method of treatment.
Eye-drops like atropine can be applied on the strong eye which can cause temporary blurring of vision. The weak eye will be stimulated eventually to focus the object correctly. In severe cases, surgery has to be done for correcting lazy eye or amblyopia. Children having cataracts or droopy eyelid are to be surgically operated for correcting the vision. In some cases, combination of two methods would give the best output in few weeks. Any type of treatment will yield positive results, if started in early childhood.
Avascular Necrosis
Avascular Necrosis Necrosis is the term used for denoting tissue death in the body. Death of tissue can occur due to insufficient blood supply or complete cut-off from blood supply. It can occur due to radiation, sudden injury and exposure to chemicals. The damage caused by necrosis is irreversible. If the tissue death occurs in the bone it is known as Avascular necrosis. It can cause tiny fractures inside the bone which may eventually cause bone collapse.
Blood supply to particular section of a bone would stop leading to avascular necrosis. In some cases the joint of particular bone gets dislocated causing necrosis. This can occur due to prolonged use of steroids and alcoholism. Often, the hip joint is affected by avascular necrosis and sometimes it can affect the upper leg, upper arm or knee bones. Bone needs continuous blood supply since it is a living tissue. Any interruption of blood can cause death of bone tissue. Avascualr necrosis is also called as osteonecrosis or aseptic necrosis.
Symptoms :
Pain in the joint is the only symptom of avascular necrosis. In the initial stages there will not be any sign, but as the disease progresses, the joint may get affected causing intense pain while making movements. Avascular necrosis does not occur overnight. It is a process that happens gradually causing tissue death in the bone. It might take months together or sometimes even a year for tissue death on the bone. It can affect hip joints, shoulder, upper arm or leg and even your foot. Severe pain is felt in the groin or thighs and you can feel the pain in both sides of the body.
Causes :
When normal blood supply to the bone is restricted or slowed down it can cause avascular necrosis. This can happen due to sudden trauma or injury and due to dislocation of joint. People who undergo hip joint surgery are prone to develop avascular necrosis. People who are taking chemo therapy for cancer can develop avascular necrosis since radiation can weaken the bones and joints interrupting regular blood supply.
Chronic (long term) use of corticosteroids is likely to cause avascular necrosis. Over consumption of alcohol can deposit fat particles into the blood vessels thus restricting normal blood flow to the bones. Inflammation on the arteries and blood clots inside can restrict blood supply to the bone leading to avascular necrosis. Certain medical conditions like Gaucher’s disease, pancreatitis, HIV infection and other autoimmune disorders can cause necrosis in bones.
Risk Factors :
Anyone can develop avascular necrosis, but is common in age group of 30-50 years. People who are alcoholic or involved in binge drinking, people who use steroid drugs for long duration and those who take osteoporosis medications like biphosphonates are prone to develop avascular necrosis. Certain medical issues like lupus, HIV, diabetes and autoimmune diseases can trigger avascular necrosis. Undergoing cancer treatment, undergoing dialysis and kidney transplant surgery makes you prone to avascular necrosis.
Tests :
Your doctor will check the affected joint by gently applying pressure over it. He would look for tenderness of joint. He may order for imaging tests like X-ray or bone scanning to get clear picture of tissue death in the bone.
Treatment :
Bone loss that has already occurred cannot be reversed, but by giving timely treatment, you can prevent further damage to the affected joint and bone. Your doctor may prescribe NSAIDs like Aleve or Advil to get quick relief from joint pain and inflammation. Osteoporosis drugs like Fosamax or Binosto can be given to reduce bone loss. Cholesterol controlling medications is given to prevent blood clots in the blood vessels.
For severe cases surgical procedures like bone transplantation, core decompression or osteotomy can be done. This method is effective in strengthening the affected bone. For some people, joint replacement surgery is done using plastic parts.
Home Remedies :
Your doctor may advice you to take complete rest if you have avascular necrosis. You should avoid putting extra pressure on the affected bone or joint to prevent further damage. Practice certain stretching exercises recommended by your therapist to improve the joint motion. Electrical current can be given on the affected bone to promote fresh bone growth.
Prevention :
One cannot prevent avascular necrosis but can reduce the risk factors like drinking excess of alcohol and reducing weight.
Blood supply to particular section of a bone would stop leading to avascular necrosis. In some cases the joint of particular bone gets dislocated causing necrosis. This can occur due to prolonged use of steroids and alcoholism. Often, the hip joint is affected by avascular necrosis and sometimes it can affect the upper leg, upper arm or knee bones. Bone needs continuous blood supply since it is a living tissue. Any interruption of blood can cause death of bone tissue. Avascualr necrosis is also called as osteonecrosis or aseptic necrosis.
Symptoms :
Pain in the joint is the only symptom of avascular necrosis. In the initial stages there will not be any sign, but as the disease progresses, the joint may get affected causing intense pain while making movements. Avascular necrosis does not occur overnight. It is a process that happens gradually causing tissue death in the bone. It might take months together or sometimes even a year for tissue death on the bone. It can affect hip joints, shoulder, upper arm or leg and even your foot. Severe pain is felt in the groin or thighs and you can feel the pain in both sides of the body.
Causes :
When normal blood supply to the bone is restricted or slowed down it can cause avascular necrosis. This can happen due to sudden trauma or injury and due to dislocation of joint. People who undergo hip joint surgery are prone to develop avascular necrosis. People who are taking chemo therapy for cancer can develop avascular necrosis since radiation can weaken the bones and joints interrupting regular blood supply.
Chronic (long term) use of corticosteroids is likely to cause avascular necrosis. Over consumption of alcohol can deposit fat particles into the blood vessels thus restricting normal blood flow to the bones. Inflammation on the arteries and blood clots inside can restrict blood supply to the bone leading to avascular necrosis. Certain medical conditions like Gaucher’s disease, pancreatitis, HIV infection and other autoimmune disorders can cause necrosis in bones.
Risk Factors :
Anyone can develop avascular necrosis, but is common in age group of 30-50 years. People who are alcoholic or involved in binge drinking, people who use steroid drugs for long duration and those who take osteoporosis medications like biphosphonates are prone to develop avascular necrosis. Certain medical issues like lupus, HIV, diabetes and autoimmune diseases can trigger avascular necrosis. Undergoing cancer treatment, undergoing dialysis and kidney transplant surgery makes you prone to avascular necrosis.
Tests :
Your doctor will check the affected joint by gently applying pressure over it. He would look for tenderness of joint. He may order for imaging tests like X-ray or bone scanning to get clear picture of tissue death in the bone.
Treatment :
Bone loss that has already occurred cannot be reversed, but by giving timely treatment, you can prevent further damage to the affected joint and bone. Your doctor may prescribe NSAIDs like Aleve or Advil to get quick relief from joint pain and inflammation. Osteoporosis drugs like Fosamax or Binosto can be given to reduce bone loss. Cholesterol controlling medications is given to prevent blood clots in the blood vessels.
- Surgery :
For severe cases surgical procedures like bone transplantation, core decompression or osteotomy can be done. This method is effective in strengthening the affected bone. For some people, joint replacement surgery is done using plastic parts.
Home Remedies :
Your doctor may advice you to take complete rest if you have avascular necrosis. You should avoid putting extra pressure on the affected bone or joint to prevent further damage. Practice certain stretching exercises recommended by your therapist to improve the joint motion. Electrical current can be given on the affected bone to promote fresh bone growth.
Prevention :
One cannot prevent avascular necrosis but can reduce the risk factors like drinking excess of alcohol and reducing weight.
Peritonitis
Peritonitis Peritonitis is a type of fungal infection of the abdominal wall caused by swelling of peritoneum (a soft membrane lining of the stomach). It would cause bloated feeling and abdominal cramps. Peritonitis needs to be treated immediately failing which it can cause complications like organ failure and even death. To prevent any serious complications, it should be treated promptly. It can be treated and controlled by antibiotics and in severe cases it has to be surgically operated.
Symptoms :
Some of the common signs of peritonitis are moderate to severe abdominal pain, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, fever, bloating sensation, diarrhea or inability to pass stool and extreme tiredness. For people who are doing peritoneal dialysis it can cause cloudy fluid and white strands of fibrin during dialysis. If you have severe abdominal pain with problems in passing urine or stool, then you need to seek immediate medical advice.
Causes :
Risk Factors :
Peritonitis infection can occur to people who undergo peritoneal dialysis. Hence it is necessary to use sterile surgical instruments during dialysis. If left untreated, it can cause sepsis (internal infection) which can lead to organ failure.
Diagnosis :
Your doctor will complete the physical exam and look for the above symptoms. He will collect your medical history and check for cloudy fluid during dialysis in case you are a patient of dialysis therapy. He may order for series of tests including blood profile, peritoneal fluid analysis, and imaging tests like X-ray or CT scan to check the condition of your abdomen.
Treatment :
Prevention :
Take enough steps while doing peritoneal dialysis to maintain proper hygiene. The nurse and surgeon should thoroughly wash their hands before using any catheters. The skin area around the catheter should be cleaned with antiseptic solution. The entire team should use proper sterile instruments during the procedure. It is necessary to take antibiotics prescribed by your doctor in case you have spontaneous peritonitis before due to underlying medical conditions.
Symptoms :
Some of the common signs of peritonitis are moderate to severe abdominal pain, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, fever, bloating sensation, diarrhea or inability to pass stool and extreme tiredness. For people who are doing peritoneal dialysis it can cause cloudy fluid and white strands of fibrin during dialysis. If you have severe abdominal pain with problems in passing urine or stool, then you need to seek immediate medical advice.
Causes :
- Any sudden perforation (rupture) of the abdominal wall can cause peritonitis. The soft membrane of the abdomen peritoneum can get broken due to several factors.
- Certain type of medical procedures like peritoneal dialysis can cause perforation in peritoneum. Using poor hygienic instruments during dialysis can cause infection of peritoneum leading to peritonitis.
- It can occur during the process of gastrointestinal surgery.
- Bacteria can easily enter into the peritoneum during the above procedures.
- Pancreatitis can also lead to peritonitis if the bacteria could migrate outside pancreas.
- Any infection in the digestive tract can cause rupture of the abdominal wall causing peritonitis. Any sudden injury to the stomach can cause this condition.
- Certain types of liver disease can cause peritonitis.
- Primary peritonitis is caused by liver cirrhosis and kidney failure.
- Secondary peritonitis can be caused due to pelvic inflammatory disease, Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, any surgical procedure and trauma.
Risk Factors :
Peritonitis infection can occur to people who undergo peritoneal dialysis. Hence it is necessary to use sterile surgical instruments during dialysis. If left untreated, it can cause sepsis (internal infection) which can lead to organ failure.
Diagnosis :
Your doctor will complete the physical exam and look for the above symptoms. He will collect your medical history and check for cloudy fluid during dialysis in case you are a patient of dialysis therapy. He may order for series of tests including blood profile, peritoneal fluid analysis, and imaging tests like X-ray or CT scan to check the condition of your abdomen.
Treatment :
- Depending on the condition of the patient, he/she may be hospitalized for treating peritonitis infection.
- The doctor will start Intravenous fluids and give suitable antibiotics to prevent the bacterial infection.
- If the condition is critical surgery is done to remove the infected or dead tissue from the abdomen.
- For people who undergo peritoneal dialysis extreme care should be taken to prevent any infection.
- Until the infection heals completely, the dialysis therapy is given through alternative methods.
Prevention :
Take enough steps while doing peritoneal dialysis to maintain proper hygiene. The nurse and surgeon should thoroughly wash their hands before using any catheters. The skin area around the catheter should be cleaned with antiseptic solution. The entire team should use proper sterile instruments during the procedure. It is necessary to take antibiotics prescribed by your doctor in case you have spontaneous peritonitis before due to underlying medical conditions.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Trigeminal Neuralgia Trigeminal nerve is a group of nerves that is responsible for chewing and production of saliva. It is present on either side of the ear and trigeminal nerve is also known as fifth cranial nerve. It runs from the brain and passes through your face near the ear. The main nerve separates into three nerve endings and hence called as Tri (three) geminal nerve. Since the nerve goes to your scalp through forehead, cheeks and jaw sharp pain is felt on these areas.
Trigeminal neuralgia can cause chronic (long term) pain on your face giving bouts of excruciating pain. The pain is felt largely while touching your face like applying makeup or brushing your teeth etc. Even a small stimulation of the face can trigger this pain. The pain can be recurring and can cause mild attacks on your face. Trigeminal neuralgia affects elderly people largely and is more on women than men. The pain can be controlled by effective treatment and medications. Trigeminal neuralgia is a rare type of pain affecting people who are above 60 years and about 1 in every million people are affected.
Symptoms :
Trigeminal neuralgia can cause sudden episodes of shooting pain on your face that it can be felt as electric shock. The pain can be felt spontaneous when you touch the face. The pain would last for few seconds only but it may return again. For some people it can cause mild pain occasionally. Pain is triggered while you are touching the face for anything or for brushing your teeth. Many people describe the pain as though someone is stabbing with a knife on their face and piercing the skin.
The areas like cheeks, in and around the ears and jaws are worst affected with pain since the nerve passes through these areas. Pain is usually felt on one side of your face. For some people pain is focused in only one part like jaw or cheeks but for others it would spread widely. If not treated promptly, staggering pain is felt frequently and intensely over time.
Causes :
Intense sudden pain of trigeminal neuralgia occurs when the function of the trigeminal nerve gets disturbed. When the artery or vein gets in touch with the trigeminal nerve accidentally, it gets disrupted causing stabbing pain. Occasional contact of the artery with the nerve can put extra pressure on it thus interfering with its normal function. Aging is another factor that can cause trigeminal neuralgia. Having multiple sclerosis can also damage the myelin sheath covering of the trigeminal nerves causing intense pain. In rare cases formation of tumor on the trigeminal nerve can cause pain.
Risk Factors :
Old age is the primary risk factor for developing trigeminal neuralgia. For reasons unknown, women are more prone to get TN than men. The first attack or episode of pain comes without warning and may lasts for few seconds. The frequency of further attacks differs widely from one person to another. The pain may come and go on the same day or it can occur suddenly after a month or so. Nobody can predict when the next attack of pain would come back.
Complications :
As such trigeminal neuralgia would not cause any complications. However throbbing pain can interfere with your daily routine to large extent. You may ignore brushing your teeth or applying cream on your face due to the fear of pain. Hence you should not delay in taking treatment for trigeminal neuralgia.
Tests :
Your doctor can detect trigeminal neuralgia on listening to your symptoms. He may touch your face to verify where exactly pain has started. Further he may request for reflex test and neurological examination to know which branch of the nerve has been affected. To eliminate the possibility of multiple sclerosis he may order for imaging tests like CT/MRI scan.
Treatment :
For most of the people, trigeminal neuralgia pain can be managed by medications. But it can cause some adverse effect over long periods. In rare cases surgery is done for treating TN. Anticonvulsant medications like carbamazepine are prescribed for trigeminal neuralgia. After some years you may feel the pain again and your doctor may increase the dosage of the drug. These drugs can cause side effects like drowsiness and confusion.
Some doctors may prescribe muscle relaxing drugs like Gablofen or Lioresal for treating trigeminal neuralgia. In severe cases surgery is to be done to release the compression on the nerve. Microvascular decompressing surgery is done to remove the blood vessel from the trigeminal nerve region. A small incision is made behind the ear and a small hole is drilled on the skull. Your surgeon will remove any artery or vein that compresses the trigeminal nerve branch. This surgery can cause facial numbness or double vision or any other complications.
Another procedure called Gamma knife radioactive therapy is done wherein radiation is passed directly on the trigeminal nerve so that pain is not felt anymore on your face. This option is more effective and safe than surgery. If the patient gets back the pain again the same procedure is repeated. Your doctor may give you a shot of glycerol to damage the trigeminal nerve and blocking the pain. A small needle is sent into the base of skull through your face and sterile glycerol is injected directly on the nerve.
Balloon compression is another method for treating trigeminal neuralgia. A thin catheter is sent through the skull to locate the trigeminal nerve. A balloon is inserted to one end of the catheter which is then inflated to cause pressure on the trigeminal nerve to block the signals of pain. Now alternative therapies like acupuncture, vitamin or nutritional therapy and electrical stimulation are available for treating trigeminal neuralgia.
Trigeminal neuralgia can cause chronic (long term) pain on your face giving bouts of excruciating pain. The pain is felt largely while touching your face like applying makeup or brushing your teeth etc. Even a small stimulation of the face can trigger this pain. The pain can be recurring and can cause mild attacks on your face. Trigeminal neuralgia affects elderly people largely and is more on women than men. The pain can be controlled by effective treatment and medications. Trigeminal neuralgia is a rare type of pain affecting people who are above 60 years and about 1 in every million people are affected.
Symptoms :
Trigeminal neuralgia can cause sudden episodes of shooting pain on your face that it can be felt as electric shock. The pain can be felt spontaneous when you touch the face. The pain would last for few seconds only but it may return again. For some people it can cause mild pain occasionally. Pain is triggered while you are touching the face for anything or for brushing your teeth. Many people describe the pain as though someone is stabbing with a knife on their face and piercing the skin.
The areas like cheeks, in and around the ears and jaws are worst affected with pain since the nerve passes through these areas. Pain is usually felt on one side of your face. For some people pain is focused in only one part like jaw or cheeks but for others it would spread widely. If not treated promptly, staggering pain is felt frequently and intensely over time.
Causes :
Intense sudden pain of trigeminal neuralgia occurs when the function of the trigeminal nerve gets disturbed. When the artery or vein gets in touch with the trigeminal nerve accidentally, it gets disrupted causing stabbing pain. Occasional contact of the artery with the nerve can put extra pressure on it thus interfering with its normal function. Aging is another factor that can cause trigeminal neuralgia. Having multiple sclerosis can also damage the myelin sheath covering of the trigeminal nerves causing intense pain. In rare cases formation of tumor on the trigeminal nerve can cause pain.
Risk Factors :
Old age is the primary risk factor for developing trigeminal neuralgia. For reasons unknown, women are more prone to get TN than men. The first attack or episode of pain comes without warning and may lasts for few seconds. The frequency of further attacks differs widely from one person to another. The pain may come and go on the same day or it can occur suddenly after a month or so. Nobody can predict when the next attack of pain would come back.
Complications :
As such trigeminal neuralgia would not cause any complications. However throbbing pain can interfere with your daily routine to large extent. You may ignore brushing your teeth or applying cream on your face due to the fear of pain. Hence you should not delay in taking treatment for trigeminal neuralgia.
Tests :
Your doctor can detect trigeminal neuralgia on listening to your symptoms. He may touch your face to verify where exactly pain has started. Further he may request for reflex test and neurological examination to know which branch of the nerve has been affected. To eliminate the possibility of multiple sclerosis he may order for imaging tests like CT/MRI scan.
Treatment :
For most of the people, trigeminal neuralgia pain can be managed by medications. But it can cause some adverse effect over long periods. In rare cases surgery is done for treating TN. Anticonvulsant medications like carbamazepine are prescribed for trigeminal neuralgia. After some years you may feel the pain again and your doctor may increase the dosage of the drug. These drugs can cause side effects like drowsiness and confusion.
Some doctors may prescribe muscle relaxing drugs like Gablofen or Lioresal for treating trigeminal neuralgia. In severe cases surgery is to be done to release the compression on the nerve. Microvascular decompressing surgery is done to remove the blood vessel from the trigeminal nerve region. A small incision is made behind the ear and a small hole is drilled on the skull. Your surgeon will remove any artery or vein that compresses the trigeminal nerve branch. This surgery can cause facial numbness or double vision or any other complications.
Another procedure called Gamma knife radioactive therapy is done wherein radiation is passed directly on the trigeminal nerve so that pain is not felt anymore on your face. This option is more effective and safe than surgery. If the patient gets back the pain again the same procedure is repeated. Your doctor may give you a shot of glycerol to damage the trigeminal nerve and blocking the pain. A small needle is sent into the base of skull through your face and sterile glycerol is injected directly on the nerve.
Balloon compression is another method for treating trigeminal neuralgia. A thin catheter is sent through the skull to locate the trigeminal nerve. A balloon is inserted to one end of the catheter which is then inflated to cause pressure on the trigeminal nerve to block the signals of pain. Now alternative therapies like acupuncture, vitamin or nutritional therapy and electrical stimulation are available for treating trigeminal neuralgia.
Stuttering
Stuttering Stuttering is a disorder that affects the quality of speech. It is a speech disorder that causes significant problems with the delivery of speech. People with stuttering disorder may repeat the same word or prolong a word or phrase during their speech. Stuttering problem is common among young children when they learn to speak. With proper training it can be overgrown during the course of development.
Stammering or stuttering disorder can become chronic (lifelong) for some people and it can affect their self esteem also. Stress or anxiety can worsen the stuttering symptoms. Stuttering can be managed by speech language therapy and individual counseling and behavior therapy. Stuttering can be related to social anxiety disorder also.
Symptoms :
Children or adults affected with stuttering disorder will have difficulty in starting a word or sentence. They would repeat particular syllable or word frequently. They would prolong a word or sound for few seconds. Some people would abruptly stop while talking and others would add extra words before moving to next word. It may cause tightness of muscle on the face, facial tics, rapid blinking of eye and mild tremors on their lips. These symptoms may worsen if they are stressed or tired. Due to stuttering some people may develop anxiety while talking and avoid situations that warrant talking to strangers. Casual talking on the phone can cause significant problem for them.
Causes :
Exact cause of stuttering disorder is not known. It is believed to be caused by various factors like genetics (due to abnormalities in genes), defect in speech motor control, and certain medical conditions like stroke or trauma and due to rare mental health issues.
Risk Factors :
A person having close relatives who stutter, a child with delayed development increases the risk factor for stuttering. Males are more prone to develop stuttering than females, for reasons unknown.
Diagnosis :
Parents can observe their children while talking to check if they are stuttering. You can ask him to read aloud to detect any difference in speech. Young children would have problems in talking during the stage of learning to speak and you need to worry only if it is long term. Doctors would ask series of questions about their relationships, work and attitude for adults who stutter. They would find out if there is any mental health issues involved.
Treatment :
Combination of various methods is used for treating stuttering disorder. One method may be effective for one person and not for others. Experts would give therapy to talk slowly using controlled fluency method. You can make use of electronic devices while speaking that would help in slowing your speech to prevent stuttering. Cognitive behavior therapy CBT is helpful to change the way you think and behave. This is very useful in resolving situations of stress and anxiety.
Parents can identify which method is suitable for their child and follow it effectively to improve his speech. Encourage your child and praise him which helps in growing his self esteem. Don’t criticize your child because he stutters while talking since this would affect his overall development. You try to accept what he is and find out ways to improve his performance.
Stammering or stuttering disorder can become chronic (lifelong) for some people and it can affect their self esteem also. Stress or anxiety can worsen the stuttering symptoms. Stuttering can be managed by speech language therapy and individual counseling and behavior therapy. Stuttering can be related to social anxiety disorder also.
Symptoms :
Children or adults affected with stuttering disorder will have difficulty in starting a word or sentence. They would repeat particular syllable or word frequently. They would prolong a word or sound for few seconds. Some people would abruptly stop while talking and others would add extra words before moving to next word. It may cause tightness of muscle on the face, facial tics, rapid blinking of eye and mild tremors on their lips. These symptoms may worsen if they are stressed or tired. Due to stuttering some people may develop anxiety while talking and avoid situations that warrant talking to strangers. Casual talking on the phone can cause significant problem for them.
Causes :
Exact cause of stuttering disorder is not known. It is believed to be caused by various factors like genetics (due to abnormalities in genes), defect in speech motor control, and certain medical conditions like stroke or trauma and due to rare mental health issues.
Risk Factors :
A person having close relatives who stutter, a child with delayed development increases the risk factor for stuttering. Males are more prone to develop stuttering than females, for reasons unknown.
Diagnosis :
Parents can observe their children while talking to check if they are stuttering. You can ask him to read aloud to detect any difference in speech. Young children would have problems in talking during the stage of learning to speak and you need to worry only if it is long term. Doctors would ask series of questions about their relationships, work and attitude for adults who stutter. They would find out if there is any mental health issues involved.
Treatment :
Combination of various methods is used for treating stuttering disorder. One method may be effective for one person and not for others. Experts would give therapy to talk slowly using controlled fluency method. You can make use of electronic devices while speaking that would help in slowing your speech to prevent stuttering. Cognitive behavior therapy CBT is helpful to change the way you think and behave. This is very useful in resolving situations of stress and anxiety.
Parents can identify which method is suitable for their child and follow it effectively to improve his speech. Encourage your child and praise him which helps in growing his self esteem. Don’t criticize your child because he stutters while talking since this would affect his overall development. You try to accept what he is and find out ways to improve his performance.
Chilaiditi Syndrome
Chilaiditi Syndrome In rare cases, a part of the intestine (colon) gets interposed between the diaphragm and the liver. Such medical condition is known as Chilaiditi syndrome. Diaphragm is a muscular region that is found between the abdomen and the chest cavity. Part of colon suspended closer to the liver and diaphragm can exert pressure on the abdomen causing stomach pain, nausea and constipation.
Exact cause of Chilaiditi syndrome is not known, but is believed to occur in patients with chronic lung diseases or liver problems. In most of the cases, no treatment is required, but in some people surgery may be done. Since this medical condition was first described by Dimitrios Chilaiditi, a Greek man it was named after him.
Symptoms :
Chilaiditi syndrome is very rare occurrence and even if occurs, it would not cause any symptoms. Part of colon gets locked in the portion between the liver and the diaphragm in elderly people. Chilaiditi syndrome is usually asymptomatic. Some people can get signs of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and constipation due to this syndrome. In rare cases it can cause shortness of breath and bowel torsion. Some part of the feces will be retained in that portion before expelling.
Causes :
Exact cause of Chilaiditi syndrome is unknown. It is not clear why certain people develop transposition of colon and others not.
Risk Factors :
Elderly men are at more risk than women for developing Chilaiditi syndrome. Similarly people with chronic liver problems like cirrhosis and chronic lung issues like emphysema are prone to get this disorder.
Tests :
In many cases transposition of colon abnormally between the diaphragm and the liver is identified while taking tests for other reasons. Chest X-ray or abdominal X-ray can reveal the position of transverse colon in abnormal position. Characteristic Chilaiditi sign is marked by the transposition of right colon. Sometime this medical condition is confused for suphrenic abscess or suspended air in the diaphragm or abdominal cavity.
Treatment :
If there is no symptom due to Chilaiditi sign you need not require any treatment. The only method of treating the disposition of colon between the diaphragm and the liver is by surgical intervention. Your doctor will consider many factors before deciding whether you are fit for surgery. Corrective surgery is performed for positioning the colon in the right place. But the same condition may still recur after surgery also.
Surgery is performed under general anesthesia and the patient should be in the hospital for a week to 10 days. Rate of success of surgery is fairly good and most of the patients would recover quickly. The patient may have problems like diarrhea or passing stool very quickly after surgery. However this condition may improve in few days. You can get back to normal life shortly after getting discharged. Avoid lifting heavy objects and doing strenuous exercises until your doctor gives concurrence.
Exact cause of Chilaiditi syndrome is not known, but is believed to occur in patients with chronic lung diseases or liver problems. In most of the cases, no treatment is required, but in some people surgery may be done. Since this medical condition was first described by Dimitrios Chilaiditi, a Greek man it was named after him.
Symptoms :
Chilaiditi syndrome is very rare occurrence and even if occurs, it would not cause any symptoms. Part of colon gets locked in the portion between the liver and the diaphragm in elderly people. Chilaiditi syndrome is usually asymptomatic. Some people can get signs of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and constipation due to this syndrome. In rare cases it can cause shortness of breath and bowel torsion. Some part of the feces will be retained in that portion before expelling.
Causes :
Exact cause of Chilaiditi syndrome is unknown. It is not clear why certain people develop transposition of colon and others not.
Risk Factors :
Elderly men are at more risk than women for developing Chilaiditi syndrome. Similarly people with chronic liver problems like cirrhosis and chronic lung issues like emphysema are prone to get this disorder.
Tests :
In many cases transposition of colon abnormally between the diaphragm and the liver is identified while taking tests for other reasons. Chest X-ray or abdominal X-ray can reveal the position of transverse colon in abnormal position. Characteristic Chilaiditi sign is marked by the transposition of right colon. Sometime this medical condition is confused for suphrenic abscess or suspended air in the diaphragm or abdominal cavity.
Treatment :
If there is no symptom due to Chilaiditi sign you need not require any treatment. The only method of treating the disposition of colon between the diaphragm and the liver is by surgical intervention. Your doctor will consider many factors before deciding whether you are fit for surgery. Corrective surgery is performed for positioning the colon in the right place. But the same condition may still recur after surgery also.
Surgery is performed under general anesthesia and the patient should be in the hospital for a week to 10 days. Rate of success of surgery is fairly good and most of the patients would recover quickly. The patient may have problems like diarrhea or passing stool very quickly after surgery. However this condition may improve in few days. You can get back to normal life shortly after getting discharged. Avoid lifting heavy objects and doing strenuous exercises until your doctor gives concurrence.
Plague Disease
Plague Disease Plague is a rare bacterial infection causing multiple complications of organs like pneumonia, blood infection and swollen glands. Bacteria by name Yersinia pestis causes plague which is transmitted to humans through rodents and fleas. It was during the 14th century plague disease killed millions of people around the world, called as “black death”. Of late, in 1900 there was a plague outbreak in San Francisco. There were few cases of plague reported in the Western United States each year.
Symptoms :
Severe form of plague disease can affect any part of your body like lymph nodes, lungs and even your blood. Symptoms of plague vary according to the part of body affected. Bubonic plague is one in which the lymph nodes of neck and armpit are affected. Buboes is the name given to lymph nodes and it can cause symptoms like swollen lymph nodes on your neck and armpit. The area becomes tender and warm and the size of nodes can be roughly the size of an egg. It can also cause fever, chills, fatigue and muscle pain.
Septicemic plague infects your blood which can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, bleeding from nose or rectum and blackening of skin tissue in extremities (fingers and toes) indicating death of tissue. Pneumonic plague is the one that affects your lungs. It is the most severe form of plague that can spread from humans to humans through droplets of air. It can cause signs like shortness of breath, persistent cough, fever, weakness, nausea and vomiting. As the infection progresses, it can cause shock and respiratory failure which can be fatal.
Causes :
Yersinia pestis is the bacterium that causes plague. Rats and other rodents are infected by bacteria which are then transmitted to humans through fleas that feed on infected rodents. Fleas carry the bacteria which can enter your body through cut or injury in the skin. It can also infect human when he touches the blood of infected animal. Pneumonic plague can easily spread through air via fine droplets of cough.
Risk Factors :
Tests :
Plague can be detected by physical examination of lymph nodes. If you have doubt, your doctor would take a fluid sample from the lymph nodes and test it in the lab for the presence of bacteria. Blood test can be done if blood infection is suspected.
Treatment :
Plague can be treated by powerful antibiotics like gentamicin or ciprofloxacin. You need to complete the course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if there is improvement of symptoms.
Prevention :
You can prevent plague by preventing rodents into your home. Keep the house warm and clean and remove unwanted junk regularly. If you have pets check with your vet about flea control products.
Symptoms :
Severe form of plague disease can affect any part of your body like lymph nodes, lungs and even your blood. Symptoms of plague vary according to the part of body affected. Bubonic plague is one in which the lymph nodes of neck and armpit are affected. Buboes is the name given to lymph nodes and it can cause symptoms like swollen lymph nodes on your neck and armpit. The area becomes tender and warm and the size of nodes can be roughly the size of an egg. It can also cause fever, chills, fatigue and muscle pain.
Septicemic plague infects your blood which can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, bleeding from nose or rectum and blackening of skin tissue in extremities (fingers and toes) indicating death of tissue. Pneumonic plague is the one that affects your lungs. It is the most severe form of plague that can spread from humans to humans through droplets of air. It can cause signs like shortness of breath, persistent cough, fever, weakness, nausea and vomiting. As the infection progresses, it can cause shock and respiratory failure which can be fatal.
Causes :
Yersinia pestis is the bacterium that causes plague. Rats and other rodents are infected by bacteria which are then transmitted to humans through fleas that feed on infected rodents. Fleas carry the bacteria which can enter your body through cut or injury in the skin. It can also infect human when he touches the blood of infected animal. Pneumonic plague can easily spread through air via fine droplets of cough.
Risk Factors :
- Plague is a very rare disease and chance of getting infected is low. In each year, only few hundreds of people develop plague.
- People who frequently travel to rural areas of Africa where there is poor sanitation and plenty of rodents.
- Doctors and helpers who handle the infected animals can get transmitted through infected blood of the animals.
- In rare cases, if you are bitten by plague infected rats and cat you can get infected.
- Plague in severe form can cause gangrene (tissue death), meningitis (brain fever) and death.
Tests :
Plague can be detected by physical examination of lymph nodes. If you have doubt, your doctor would take a fluid sample from the lymph nodes and test it in the lab for the presence of bacteria. Blood test can be done if blood infection is suspected.
Treatment :
Plague can be treated by powerful antibiotics like gentamicin or ciprofloxacin. You need to complete the course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if there is improvement of symptoms.
Prevention :
You can prevent plague by preventing rodents into your home. Keep the house warm and clean and remove unwanted junk regularly. If you have pets check with your vet about flea control products.
Monday, June 23, 2014
Diet, Herbs for Sore Throat Treatment | Foods to Avoid Sore Throat
Diet, Herbs for Sore Throat Treatment | Foods to Avoid Sore Throat
Sore throat is pain in the throat area, including the pharynx. The sore throat is often caused by inflammation of the throat due to infections caused by viruses and bacteria. Depending on the severity of the ailment, the patient may experience pain ranging from mild to extremely painful.
There are many different ways to treat sore throat, depending on the underlying cause. If the sore throat is caused by viruses, it will just resolve by itself without any medications. Still, home care will be necessary to provide relief to the pain felt by the patient.
If the sore throat is caused by bacteria, it will not resolve without any medications. Thus, antibiotics are often administered. Still, there are also home remedies that can be provided to strengthen the patient’s immune system as well as work against the invading bacteria.
There are some people who are more prone to experiencing sore throat than others. Some of these risk factors are:
When a patient has sore throat, he or she will need to avoid some of the things that will either cause it or aggravate it in terms of diet or food intake.
The patient will also need to eat healthy, healing foods to help speed up the healing process of the sore throat. Here are some suggestions:
Sore Throat
Sore throat is pain in the throat area, including the pharynx. The sore throat is often caused by inflammation of the throat due to infections caused by viruses and bacteria. Depending on the severity of the ailment, the patient may experience pain ranging from mild to extremely painful.
There are many different ways to treat sore throat, depending on the underlying cause. If the sore throat is caused by viruses, it will just resolve by itself without any medications. Still, home care will be necessary to provide relief to the pain felt by the patient.
If the sore throat is caused by bacteria, it will not resolve without any medications. Thus, antibiotics are often administered. Still, there are also home remedies that can be provided to strengthen the patient’s immune system as well as work against the invading bacteria.
Risk Factors
There are some people who are more prone to experiencing sore throat than others. Some of these risk factors are:
- Staying in closed quarters, including offices, classrooms, and military institutions
- Compromised immunity because of ailments like diabetes, HIV, and fatigue
- Exposure to certain chemicals
- Allergies
- Age, with young children being more susceptible
- Smoking
Diet for Sore Throat
When a patient has sore throat, he or she will need to avoid some of the things that will either cause it or aggravate it in terms of diet or food intake.
The patient will also need to eat healthy, healing foods to help speed up the healing process of the sore throat. Here are some suggestions:
- One of the herbal remedies that can be eaten with meals when an individual has sore throat is an onion soaked in honey for an hour. Chop up an onion and soak this in a covered bowl with some honey. Eat this together with the meal or by itself to help with healing of the sore throat.
- Since it would be somewhat difficult and painful to eat with a sore throat, try to avoid dry and hard foods for a while. Opt for soft foods like porridge, oatmeal, and soaked cereals that will be easier to swallow.
- For the patient’s vegetable and fruit intake, take soft fruits or better yet, take these in juice or pureed form. Puree some vegetables and fruits for a healthy drink that can also help expedite the healing process.
- Avoid liquor and other alcoholic drinks since these will only aggravate the sore throat. Too sweet and too cold drinks will also aggravate sore throats so try to avoid these too.
Tuesday, June 10, 2014
Itchy Bottom
Itchy Bottom Itchy bottom is called as Pruritus ani in medical terms. It causes persistent itchy feeling around the anus. You will feel like scratching the anus all the time and it is more after using toilet. The soft skin around the anus area will get damaged and subsequently you may develop skin infection. It can be treated by soothing ointment and topical corticosteroids.
Causes :
Itchy bottom is actually a symptom and not a disease. It can develop due to known causes and unknown causes as well. Skin disease like eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis can cause itchy bottom. You can develop this condition if you rub the anal area strongly or if there is excess of moisture in the anus or if you use strong perfumes or soaps on that area. Certain type of infections like thrush, scabies, herpes and sexually transmitted diseases can spread itchy bottom.
Certain diseases like anal fissure, piles and use of some medications for diarrhea can cause itchy bottom. In some cases the exact cause of itchy bottom is not known. In case you have itchy anus you may gently scrap it or use a scented soap for cleaning it. This may worsen the condition causing severe itching as the skin around the anus develops inflammation. This process is called vicious circle and pruritus ani.
Symptoms :
Some of the common symptoms of itchy bottom are persistent itching on the anus, inflammation of the skin around the anus and formation of red patches in that area.
Risk Factors :
Itchy bottom is common for both sexes and is more for those who are not practicing good hygiene. For no apparent reason it is more prevalent in men than women. An individual who rubs his anal area more frequently can develop itchy bottom.
Diagnoses :
Your doctor can detect the disease by listening to your symptoms. No specific test is needed.
Treatment :
Home Remedies :
You need to keep your private parts clean and dry to avoid itchy bottom. For that you need to bath daily, avoid wearing tight fitting underwear, avoid using perfumed soaps and avoid taking bubble baths. Trim your fingernails regularly so that it does not hurt your anus when you are washing it. Choose only cotton underwear so that it absorbs moisture. Change your panties if you feel it is not dry or clean. Keep a cotton tissue handy so that you can put it in your underwear to keep the anus dry.
Though it is difficult to control the urge of itching, still you need to avoid scratching the bottom often. Avoid taking spicy foods, nuts, chocolate, dairy products and excess of coffee/tea. Avoid taking sweets often. Include high quantity of fiber diet like grains, whole-wheat breads, oats and pulses. Drink plenty of liquids and add fresh fruits and vegetables in your daily diet.
Medications :
Antifungal cream is given for treating fungal infections or thrush. In case of bacterial infection your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Separate treatment is given for anal fissure. For mild to moderate itchy feeling, your doctor may give antihistamines either orally or in the form of creams. For severe cases, ointments that contain corticosteroids are prescribed.
Prevention :
You should practice good hygiene while using toilet. Always use plain unscented toilet tissue. Avoid allergic foods. Keep your anus area dry and clean. Wear cotton underwear so that it can absorb moisture. Do not scratch the area since it can make things worse. Remember to trim your fingernails regularly.
Causes :
Itchy bottom is actually a symptom and not a disease. It can develop due to known causes and unknown causes as well. Skin disease like eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis can cause itchy bottom. You can develop this condition if you rub the anal area strongly or if there is excess of moisture in the anus or if you use strong perfumes or soaps on that area. Certain type of infections like thrush, scabies, herpes and sexually transmitted diseases can spread itchy bottom.
Certain diseases like anal fissure, piles and use of some medications for diarrhea can cause itchy bottom. In some cases the exact cause of itchy bottom is not known. In case you have itchy anus you may gently scrap it or use a scented soap for cleaning it. This may worsen the condition causing severe itching as the skin around the anus develops inflammation. This process is called vicious circle and pruritus ani.
Symptoms :
Some of the common symptoms of itchy bottom are persistent itching on the anus, inflammation of the skin around the anus and formation of red patches in that area.
Risk Factors :
Itchy bottom is common for both sexes and is more for those who are not practicing good hygiene. For no apparent reason it is more prevalent in men than women. An individual who rubs his anal area more frequently can develop itchy bottom.
Diagnoses :
Your doctor can detect the disease by listening to your symptoms. No specific test is needed.
Treatment :
Home Remedies :
You need to keep your private parts clean and dry to avoid itchy bottom. For that you need to bath daily, avoid wearing tight fitting underwear, avoid using perfumed soaps and avoid taking bubble baths. Trim your fingernails regularly so that it does not hurt your anus when you are washing it. Choose only cotton underwear so that it absorbs moisture. Change your panties if you feel it is not dry or clean. Keep a cotton tissue handy so that you can put it in your underwear to keep the anus dry.
Though it is difficult to control the urge of itching, still you need to avoid scratching the bottom often. Avoid taking spicy foods, nuts, chocolate, dairy products and excess of coffee/tea. Avoid taking sweets often. Include high quantity of fiber diet like grains, whole-wheat breads, oats and pulses. Drink plenty of liquids and add fresh fruits and vegetables in your daily diet.
Medications :
Antifungal cream is given for treating fungal infections or thrush. In case of bacterial infection your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Separate treatment is given for anal fissure. For mild to moderate itchy feeling, your doctor may give antihistamines either orally or in the form of creams. For severe cases, ointments that contain corticosteroids are prescribed.
Prevention :
You should practice good hygiene while using toilet. Always use plain unscented toilet tissue. Avoid allergic foods. Keep your anus area dry and clean. Wear cotton underwear so that it can absorb moisture. Do not scratch the area since it can make things worse. Remember to trim your fingernails regularly.
Reactive Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis Arthritis refers to swollen joints. Reactive arthritis is the condition in which inflammation of genital parts or gastro intestinal systems take place. It often develops after a person had genital infection or problems in bowel movement. The symptoms of reactive arthritis are similar to that of psoriatic arthritis and ulcerative colitis. This condition can occur in any part of the joint but often affects the eyes, mouth and the urinary tract. In rare cases it can infect the heart. Treatment is given for reducing the intensity of stiffness in the joints.
Reactive arthritis is marked by three conditions namely :
This disease was also known as ‘Reiter’s syndrome’ in olden days. This type of chronic arthritis affects the people of age group 30-40 years largely but can occur in any age group.
Symptoms :
The signs of reactive arthritis occur often after an infection. The initial symptoms can occur anywhere from 1-3 weeks of urinary or eye infection. There will be intense joint pain due to swelling of joints in the knees and ankles. Some people may develop joint inflammation on the lower back. Swelling of eyes is common in reactive arthritis. Many people will develop urinary problems and there will be compulsive urge for urinating frequently. The extremities are swollen and there will be difficulty in writing and walking.
Causes :
Exact cause of arthritis is unknown. It is believed to be autoimmune disorder. People who are frequently infected have increased chance of getting reactive arthritis. Genetics play a role in causing this disease. The presence of HLA B27 genes is indicative of developing this disease in later ages. Bacterial infection can cause reactive arthritis. It can be caused by Chalmydia, shigella or salmonella bacterium.
Though this disease is not contagious still there is every chance for contacting it through unsafe sex. Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacterium causing venereal infections which is followed by reactive arthritis in many cases. An individual with infectious dysentery can develop this problem after few weeks of infection.
Risk Factors :
For reasons not known, men are more prone to develop reactive arthritis than women. People with HLA B27 genes inherited from parents have increased risk. A person having sex with multiple partners and having dysentery infection often have more chance for getting reactive arthritis.
Diagnosis :
The doctor may physically examine the body to check the signs of warmth and swelling. He may request for blood test and joint fluid test for confirming his diagnoses. A thin needle is inserted to the inflamed joint to draw sample of fluid for testing the WBC and infectious organisms.
Treatment :
No specific medications are available for treating reactive arthritis. But drugs are helpful to manage joint pain and further inflammation. Antibiotics are prescribed for controlling bacterial infection. Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs like Indocin is given for getting quick relief from joint pain. For severe pain corticosteroid is injected directly into the joints which will considerably reduce swelling.
Stiffness of joint can be reduced by rheumatoid arthritis medications like sulfasalazine or methotrexate drugs. Regular physiotherapy can make mobility easier for people affected with joint pain. Practicing strengthening exercise will give flexibility to joint muscles and reduce stiffness. People with autoimmune disorder like AIDS and severe viral infections have to be more precautious than others. Eye inflammation or conjunctivitis is treated with suitable anti-inflammatory eye drops.
Prevention :
You cannot do anything to prevent reactive arthritis. But you can always reduce the chance of getting bacterial and viral infection. Practice safe sex and always wear condoms while having sex with strangers. Eat healthy foods and fully cooked stuff to prevent bacterial infection. Do not send your child to school or day care center if he has developed dysentery since infection can spread to other children.
Reactive arthritis is marked by three conditions namely :
- Inflammation of joints
- Swelling of eyes or conjunctivitis
- Inflammation of urinary and genitals and gastrointestine
This disease was also known as ‘Reiter’s syndrome’ in olden days. This type of chronic arthritis affects the people of age group 30-40 years largely but can occur in any age group.
Symptoms :
The signs of reactive arthritis occur often after an infection. The initial symptoms can occur anywhere from 1-3 weeks of urinary or eye infection. There will be intense joint pain due to swelling of joints in the knees and ankles. Some people may develop joint inflammation on the lower back. Swelling of eyes is common in reactive arthritis. Many people will develop urinary problems and there will be compulsive urge for urinating frequently. The extremities are swollen and there will be difficulty in writing and walking.
Causes :
Exact cause of arthritis is unknown. It is believed to be autoimmune disorder. People who are frequently infected have increased chance of getting reactive arthritis. Genetics play a role in causing this disease. The presence of HLA B27 genes is indicative of developing this disease in later ages. Bacterial infection can cause reactive arthritis. It can be caused by Chalmydia, shigella or salmonella bacterium.
Though this disease is not contagious still there is every chance for contacting it through unsafe sex. Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacterium causing venereal infections which is followed by reactive arthritis in many cases. An individual with infectious dysentery can develop this problem after few weeks of infection.
Risk Factors :
For reasons not known, men are more prone to develop reactive arthritis than women. People with HLA B27 genes inherited from parents have increased risk. A person having sex with multiple partners and having dysentery infection often have more chance for getting reactive arthritis.
Diagnosis :
The doctor may physically examine the body to check the signs of warmth and swelling. He may request for blood test and joint fluid test for confirming his diagnoses. A thin needle is inserted to the inflamed joint to draw sample of fluid for testing the WBC and infectious organisms.
Treatment :
No specific medications are available for treating reactive arthritis. But drugs are helpful to manage joint pain and further inflammation. Antibiotics are prescribed for controlling bacterial infection. Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs like Indocin is given for getting quick relief from joint pain. For severe pain corticosteroid is injected directly into the joints which will considerably reduce swelling.
Stiffness of joint can be reduced by rheumatoid arthritis medications like sulfasalazine or methotrexate drugs. Regular physiotherapy can make mobility easier for people affected with joint pain. Practicing strengthening exercise will give flexibility to joint muscles and reduce stiffness. People with autoimmune disorder like AIDS and severe viral infections have to be more precautious than others. Eye inflammation or conjunctivitis is treated with suitable anti-inflammatory eye drops.
Prevention :
You cannot do anything to prevent reactive arthritis. But you can always reduce the chance of getting bacterial and viral infection. Practice safe sex and always wear condoms while having sex with strangers. Eat healthy foods and fully cooked stuff to prevent bacterial infection. Do not send your child to school or day care center if he has developed dysentery since infection can spread to other children.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism Astigmatism is a mild imperfection in your eyes that can cause mild vision problems. It can easily be corrected by wearing contact lenses, eyeglasses or through surgery. It occurs due to minor imperfection in the curvature of the eyes. A person having astigmatism will have slightly different curvature in one or both of his eyes. The curvature may not be smooth in all the sides in the cornea. For some people it occurs if the eye is not fully in round shape having slight difference in corners or on one side.
How it occurs?
Eyes are normally round shaped resembling a sphere. On seeing an object, the light enters the eye and by reflection it creates an image of the object in the lens thus giving clear view of the object. But a person with astigmatism the reflection may not be even causing blurry images or wavy images of the object.
Symptoms :
Blurred vision, trouble in seeing distant objects, strain on the affect eye/eyes, and headaches are some of the indicators of astigmatism. If you have any of the above symptoms or if your vision is not clear as before or if you have trouble reading/writing then it is time for you to get your eyes tested with the doctor.
Risk Factors :
People who are above 50 years, people with diabetes (for long period), and people with high blood pressure are more prone to develop astigmatism than others. There will be some degree of astigmatism for all the persons who have crossed 40 years.
Causes :
Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is not evenly shaped leading to refractive error. When there is smooth curvature then the image will be perfectly shaped. But if the surface curvature is not smooth or bent on one side then it produces distortive image. An individual with astigmatism will have cornea that is not smoothly curved causing uneven focus producing refractive error.
Astigmatism can occur along with other errors like myopia and hyperopia. In the case of myopia (nearsightedness) the cornea is curved in excess which causes the light to be focused in front portion of the retina (not exactly on the retina) causing blurry vision. In the case of hyperopia (farsightedness) the cornea is curved very little causing focus on the back of the eyes. In most of the cases astigmatism is present from birth and not caused by watching television (for long periods) or by reading in poor light.
Diagnosis :
Your ophthalmologist will check for the above symptoms and conduct simple vision test or examine your eyes in special device called keratometer. She will study the nature of curvature of the cornea or the lens thoroughly. Retinoscopy is done to measure the extent of focusing light by the eyes and to assess the degree of refractive error in your eyes.
Treatment :
Depending on the nature of refractive error special eyeglasses or corrective lenses are prescribed. By wearing lenses the improper focus is corrected thereby giving a clear image of the object. Eyeglasses made of special lenses are given for correcting the uneven shape of the cornea. This would also help in correcting the refractive error.
Many people prefer to wear contact lenses in the place of eyeglasses and it comes in wide range of options. You can discuss with your doctor about the benefits of wearing contact lenses. But using lenses for long periods can makes one prone to eye infection.
Surgery :
Refractive surgery is done for reshaping the cornea of the eyes. Lasik surgery is done using a special instrument for making a small round shaped hinge is made in the cornea. The surgeon will gently resize the shape of the cornea in this procedure. Not all the people having astigmatism will have to undergo surgery. Your doctor will try different options for correcting the cornea shape before deciding on refractive surgery.
How it occurs?
Eyes are normally round shaped resembling a sphere. On seeing an object, the light enters the eye and by reflection it creates an image of the object in the lens thus giving clear view of the object. But a person with astigmatism the reflection may not be even causing blurry images or wavy images of the object.
Symptoms :
Blurred vision, trouble in seeing distant objects, strain on the affect eye/eyes, and headaches are some of the indicators of astigmatism. If you have any of the above symptoms or if your vision is not clear as before or if you have trouble reading/writing then it is time for you to get your eyes tested with the doctor.
Risk Factors :
People who are above 50 years, people with diabetes (for long period), and people with high blood pressure are more prone to develop astigmatism than others. There will be some degree of astigmatism for all the persons who have crossed 40 years.
Causes :
Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is not evenly shaped leading to refractive error. When there is smooth curvature then the image will be perfectly shaped. But if the surface curvature is not smooth or bent on one side then it produces distortive image. An individual with astigmatism will have cornea that is not smoothly curved causing uneven focus producing refractive error.
Astigmatism can occur along with other errors like myopia and hyperopia. In the case of myopia (nearsightedness) the cornea is curved in excess which causes the light to be focused in front portion of the retina (not exactly on the retina) causing blurry vision. In the case of hyperopia (farsightedness) the cornea is curved very little causing focus on the back of the eyes. In most of the cases astigmatism is present from birth and not caused by watching television (for long periods) or by reading in poor light.
Diagnosis :
Your ophthalmologist will check for the above symptoms and conduct simple vision test or examine your eyes in special device called keratometer. She will study the nature of curvature of the cornea or the lens thoroughly. Retinoscopy is done to measure the extent of focusing light by the eyes and to assess the degree of refractive error in your eyes.
Treatment :
Depending on the nature of refractive error special eyeglasses or corrective lenses are prescribed. By wearing lenses the improper focus is corrected thereby giving a clear image of the object. Eyeglasses made of special lenses are given for correcting the uneven shape of the cornea. This would also help in correcting the refractive error.
Many people prefer to wear contact lenses in the place of eyeglasses and it comes in wide range of options. You can discuss with your doctor about the benefits of wearing contact lenses. But using lenses for long periods can makes one prone to eye infection.
Surgery :
Refractive surgery is done for reshaping the cornea of the eyes. Lasik surgery is done using a special instrument for making a small round shaped hinge is made in the cornea. The surgeon will gently resize the shape of the cornea in this procedure. Not all the people having astigmatism will have to undergo surgery. Your doctor will try different options for correcting the cornea shape before deciding on refractive surgery.
Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis Psoriatic arthritis is a condition associated with arthritis (inflammation of joints) where people will develop small red patches on the skin causing stiffness and swelling of joints. Often psoriasis develops first and after few days arthritis may develop but for some people initially they develop arthritis, a chronic inflammatory condition of joints and later they develop skin rashes on it.
This condition can affect any joints and even the fingertips causing severe pain. This disease will have remission period followed by flares. Treatment can be given for managing the symptoms but the disease cannot be cured completely.
Symptoms :
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease where people may have flare-ups (symptoms worsen) and remission (symptoms disappear). Very often the joints on one side of your body get affected. It can affect any joints of the body causing inflammation and pain. This disease is characterized by swollen extremities. The fingers and toes become swollen causing severe pain. The affected person will have difficulty in lifting objects using fingers and may have problems with simple task of writing their names.
For some people there will be back pain (inflammation of joints of the spine) and foot pain affecting the ligaments of the heel and soles of the foot. Due to this the mobility of the person gets affected. The joints become rigid and stiff due to swelling giving intense pain while movement. In many cases, the stiffness is very severe in the mornings which may reduce in the afternoon. The symptoms can be mild to severe depending on the intensity of the disease. For some people it may take months together for showing initial symptoms but for others it can be quick and severe.
Causes :
The main cause for psoriatic arthritis is weakened immunity. The body’s immune system will attack the joints and tendons by mistake causing inflammation and pain. However it is still not clear what exactly triggers the immune system for self-attack. People with family history of psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis are likely to develop this disease. It is possible that physical injury on the joints or bacterial infection (left untreated) can trigger this condition.
Risk Factors :
People having family history of psoriatic arthritis, people having psoriasis with weakened immunity, and people who are in the middle age are prone to develop this disease.
Diagnosis :
Your doctor will look for the symptoms and check the joints for inflammation. He may do a biopsy by removing a small tissue from the joints and testing it in the lab.
Treatment :
There is no cure for psoriatic arthritis and it is a chronic condition. Medications are given to lessen the joint pain and for facilitating the mobility problem. NSAID drugs like Advil or naproxen sodium are given to reduce inflammation of the joints. But long term use of these drugs can cause side effects. Anti-rheumatic drugs are highly effective in slowing down the process of tissue damage on the joints. Some of the common drugs of this category are methotrexate, leflunomide and sulfasalazine.
Since this disease is an autoimmune disorder immune-suppressant drugs like azathioprine or cyclosporine are prescribed for suppressing the immune system. Alpha inhibitors like Enbrel, Remicade and Humira of tumor necrosis factor TNF is given for controlling pain and stuffiness in the joints. In severe cases, the person is given steroid injection for getting quick relief from pain. Surgery is done if the joints are severely damaged by the disease making movement impossible.
Pictures of Psoriatic Arthritis :
Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Psoriatic Arthritis
Home Remedies :
Minimize the use of your fingers. Avoid opening the containers using fingers instead you can use tools or gadgets for opening the jars. Maintain your weight since obesity can give rise to joint pain and inflammation. Make it a practice to go for a walk daily. Walking and jogging can increase blood circulation and improves muscle flexibility. If you have severe pain due to swelling of joints, you can apply cold/hot packs alternatively to get some relief and to reduce stiffness. Reduce your stress by joining yoga class and meditation.
This condition can affect any joints and even the fingertips causing severe pain. This disease will have remission period followed by flares. Treatment can be given for managing the symptoms but the disease cannot be cured completely.
Symptoms :
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease where people may have flare-ups (symptoms worsen) and remission (symptoms disappear). Very often the joints on one side of your body get affected. It can affect any joints of the body causing inflammation and pain. This disease is characterized by swollen extremities. The fingers and toes become swollen causing severe pain. The affected person will have difficulty in lifting objects using fingers and may have problems with simple task of writing their names.
For some people there will be back pain (inflammation of joints of the spine) and foot pain affecting the ligaments of the heel and soles of the foot. Due to this the mobility of the person gets affected. The joints become rigid and stiff due to swelling giving intense pain while movement. In many cases, the stiffness is very severe in the mornings which may reduce in the afternoon. The symptoms can be mild to severe depending on the intensity of the disease. For some people it may take months together for showing initial symptoms but for others it can be quick and severe.
Causes :
The main cause for psoriatic arthritis is weakened immunity. The body’s immune system will attack the joints and tendons by mistake causing inflammation and pain. However it is still not clear what exactly triggers the immune system for self-attack. People with family history of psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis are likely to develop this disease. It is possible that physical injury on the joints or bacterial infection (left untreated) can trigger this condition.
Risk Factors :
People having family history of psoriatic arthritis, people having psoriasis with weakened immunity, and people who are in the middle age are prone to develop this disease.
Diagnosis :
Your doctor will look for the symptoms and check the joints for inflammation. He may do a biopsy by removing a small tissue from the joints and testing it in the lab.
Treatment :
There is no cure for psoriatic arthritis and it is a chronic condition. Medications are given to lessen the joint pain and for facilitating the mobility problem. NSAID drugs like Advil or naproxen sodium are given to reduce inflammation of the joints. But long term use of these drugs can cause side effects. Anti-rheumatic drugs are highly effective in slowing down the process of tissue damage on the joints. Some of the common drugs of this category are methotrexate, leflunomide and sulfasalazine.
Since this disease is an autoimmune disorder immune-suppressant drugs like azathioprine or cyclosporine are prescribed for suppressing the immune system. Alpha inhibitors like Enbrel, Remicade and Humira of tumor necrosis factor TNF is given for controlling pain and stuffiness in the joints. In severe cases, the person is given steroid injection for getting quick relief from pain. Surgery is done if the joints are severely damaged by the disease making movement impossible.
Pictures of Psoriatic Arthritis :
Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Psoriatic Arthritis
Home Remedies :
Minimize the use of your fingers. Avoid opening the containers using fingers instead you can use tools or gadgets for opening the jars. Maintain your weight since obesity can give rise to joint pain and inflammation. Make it a practice to go for a walk daily. Walking and jogging can increase blood circulation and improves muscle flexibility. If you have severe pain due to swelling of joints, you can apply cold/hot packs alternatively to get some relief and to reduce stiffness. Reduce your stress by joining yoga class and meditation.
Monday, March 17, 2014
What is Multiple Sclerosis
What is Multiple Sclerosis Myelin is the outer protective sheath covering the nerves in your body. When the body’s immune system gets affected it destroys this outer layer of the nervous system thereby disturbing the communication signals between the brain and other parts of the body. This condition is called as multiple sclerosis. It is a potentially serious disorder and the effect of this disease can cause irreversible damage to the nerves. People affected with multiple sclerosis may have difficulty in speaking and walking. In some cases, the disorder would affect the normal thinking ability of the person concerned. This disorder cannot be cured but the symptoms can be managed with medications and therapy.
Once the outer protective sheath covering the nerves is destroyed it exposes the underlying nerves. The body’s immune system destroys the nerves forming plaque like tissues on the brain which is known as sclerosis. Hence this disorder is called multiple sclerosis. The process of destroying the myelin sheath is known as demyelination. Once the myelin sheath is destroyed the brain cannot transmit the signals as before causing various problems.
Symptoms :
Some of the common symptoms of multiple sclerosis include tingling sensation or numbness in the limbs, partial loss of vision/pain while moving the eyes, blurred vision or double vision, intense shock like sensation while making head movements, slurred speech, and difficulty in walking, fatigue, and lack of coordinated thinking, loss of balance, dizziness and extreme heat sensitivity.
The symptoms of multiple sclerosis may vary depending on the extent of damage caused to the nerves. Some people may have benign type of multiple sclerosis wherein the symptoms are mild and will not progress. For some others, the symptoms get worse within few months or even weeks. Very often, the initial symptoms of multiple sclerosis begin as tingling sensation in limbs or a burning pain in some part of the body. Most of them will have bladder problems compelling one to visit the restroom often.
Causes :
Multiple sclerosis occurs due to the damage caused to the myelin sheath (outer protective layer of the nerves). When the myelin sheath gets affected it leads to the formation of plaque like tissue on the nerves making it difficult to transmit signals from the brain. This causes unusual delay in communicating signals from the brain leading to abnormal symptoms.
Genetics play a role in causing multiple sclerosis since it can be inherited by birth. Research indicates that certain viruses like Epstein Barr and Varicella Zoster is likely to cause MS but this theory is not proved. What exactly triggers auto-destruction of myelin sheath is not known clearly.
Risk Factors :
People of age group 20-40 are more prone to develop multiple sclerosis than elderly adults. The number of women affected with multiple sclerosis is double when compared with men. This disorder tends to run in families and the person has more chance for developing multiple sclerosis if one of the parents has this problem.
A person affected with infectious diseases like Epstein Barr virus is likely to get multiple sclerosis. This disorder is common in certain geographical regions like Canada, Europe and northern United States. Similarly an individual with autoimmune disorder like diabetes or thyroid problem is more prone to get this disorder. In severe cases, the affected person may develop spasms, paralysis, and serious problems in bladder. Some people may develop forgetfulness and can develop depression or other mental health problems.
Diagnoses :
The doctor will conduct physical exam of the affected person and collect complete medical history from him/her. He may request for diagnostic procedures like blood test, lumbar puncture and imaging tests like CT/MRI scan for detecting any abnormal changes in brain caused by destruction of myelin sheath. Electrical signals transmitted by the brain is measured using evoked potential test to study and diagnose lesions or nerve damage in the spinal cord or optical nerves.
Treatment :
Multiple sclerosis has no cure, but the symptoms of the disorder can be reduced by medications. Drugs like Aubagio, Betaseron, Gilenya, Copaxone and Novantrone can slow down the progression of the disease. These drugs act by suppressing the body’s immune system thereby decreasing the attack on myelin sheath. Many people use these drugs to improve the quality of life and doctors would start with one of the above medications once the patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
You may not require any treatment if the symptoms are mild. Corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for decreasing the swelling that occurs during a relapse. Prednisone or methylpredinisolone are given depending on the intensity of symptoms. Plasmapheresis is a method by which certain volume of blood is removed from the affected person’s body. The removed blood cells are mixed with replacement solution for plasma exchange and the person is injected to the person again.
This method is highly useful for controlling the relapse in affected people. Beta interferons like Avonex or Betaseron are given to slow down the progress of symptoms thereby reducing the number of attacks. Some doctors use Copaxone in the place of interferons for blocking the immune system that attacks the myelin sheath. There are some side effects of these drugs and hence the health of the patient is to be monitored continuously after this drug therapy is started. Similarly Tysabril is also used for reducing the attacks and is recommended for people who cannot tolerate other drugs.
Immunosuppressant like Mitoxantrone is given to reduce the intensity of symptoms and attacks but this drug can be given only for severe patients since it can produce adverse effect to your heart. Physiotherapy is given for people for improve their walking style. It gives lot of benefit by doing stretching exercises daily for affected people. Ampyra is another drug given for improving the speed of walking but it can cause seizures.
Baclofen or Zanaflex is given for reducing muscle stiffness on your legs. Fatigue can be managed by amantadine. The person affected with severe multiple sclerosis should be under the care of doctor continuously for monitoring any changes in bladder or stomach. Stem cell transplantation is done for many patients for injecting healthy stem cells into their blood.
Alternative Therapies :
Deep brain stimulation is a procedure used for treating people with tremors related with multiple sclerosis. In this method electrodes are placed inside the thalamus region of the brain for stimulating the affected part and destroying the inactivate parts of the brain. This method is advantageous when compared with surgery and the position of stimulation can be adjusted easily without conducting another surgery. The stimulator electrode can be switched off if the patient starts responding to other therapies. The tremor caused by this disorder can be managed by deep brain stimulation.
Acupuncture is effective in treating the symptoms of muscle spasms and bladder related problems. Some remedy can be obtained by taking linoleic acid found in sunflower seeds. The patient affected with MS should maintain healthy balanced diet to prevent bladder control problems.
Lifestyle Changes :
The affected person should get plenty of rest avoiding stressful activities. Doing regular exercises can be beneficial for controlling weight and improving muscle strength. Keep your body cool by running plain water on the wrists or (if possible) stay inside the air-conditioned room since the symptoms of multiple sclerosis may worsen when the body temperature rises. Practice yoga and meditation techniques and listen to music so that it gives you great relief from stress.
Once the outer protective sheath covering the nerves is destroyed it exposes the underlying nerves. The body’s immune system destroys the nerves forming plaque like tissues on the brain which is known as sclerosis. Hence this disorder is called multiple sclerosis. The process of destroying the myelin sheath is known as demyelination. Once the myelin sheath is destroyed the brain cannot transmit the signals as before causing various problems.
Symptoms :
Some of the common symptoms of multiple sclerosis include tingling sensation or numbness in the limbs, partial loss of vision/pain while moving the eyes, blurred vision or double vision, intense shock like sensation while making head movements, slurred speech, and difficulty in walking, fatigue, and lack of coordinated thinking, loss of balance, dizziness and extreme heat sensitivity.
The symptoms of multiple sclerosis may vary depending on the extent of damage caused to the nerves. Some people may have benign type of multiple sclerosis wherein the symptoms are mild and will not progress. For some others, the symptoms get worse within few months or even weeks. Very often, the initial symptoms of multiple sclerosis begin as tingling sensation in limbs or a burning pain in some part of the body. Most of them will have bladder problems compelling one to visit the restroom often.
Causes :
Multiple sclerosis occurs due to the damage caused to the myelin sheath (outer protective layer of the nerves). When the myelin sheath gets affected it leads to the formation of plaque like tissue on the nerves making it difficult to transmit signals from the brain. This causes unusual delay in communicating signals from the brain leading to abnormal symptoms.
Genetics play a role in causing multiple sclerosis since it can be inherited by birth. Research indicates that certain viruses like Epstein Barr and Varicella Zoster is likely to cause MS but this theory is not proved. What exactly triggers auto-destruction of myelin sheath is not known clearly.
Risk Factors :
People of age group 20-40 are more prone to develop multiple sclerosis than elderly adults. The number of women affected with multiple sclerosis is double when compared with men. This disorder tends to run in families and the person has more chance for developing multiple sclerosis if one of the parents has this problem.
A person affected with infectious diseases like Epstein Barr virus is likely to get multiple sclerosis. This disorder is common in certain geographical regions like Canada, Europe and northern United States. Similarly an individual with autoimmune disorder like diabetes or thyroid problem is more prone to get this disorder. In severe cases, the affected person may develop spasms, paralysis, and serious problems in bladder. Some people may develop forgetfulness and can develop depression or other mental health problems.
Diagnoses :
The doctor will conduct physical exam of the affected person and collect complete medical history from him/her. He may request for diagnostic procedures like blood test, lumbar puncture and imaging tests like CT/MRI scan for detecting any abnormal changes in brain caused by destruction of myelin sheath. Electrical signals transmitted by the brain is measured using evoked potential test to study and diagnose lesions or nerve damage in the spinal cord or optical nerves.
Treatment :
Multiple sclerosis has no cure, but the symptoms of the disorder can be reduced by medications. Drugs like Aubagio, Betaseron, Gilenya, Copaxone and Novantrone can slow down the progression of the disease. These drugs act by suppressing the body’s immune system thereby decreasing the attack on myelin sheath. Many people use these drugs to improve the quality of life and doctors would start with one of the above medications once the patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
You may not require any treatment if the symptoms are mild. Corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for decreasing the swelling that occurs during a relapse. Prednisone or methylpredinisolone are given depending on the intensity of symptoms. Plasmapheresis is a method by which certain volume of blood is removed from the affected person’s body. The removed blood cells are mixed with replacement solution for plasma exchange and the person is injected to the person again.
This method is highly useful for controlling the relapse in affected people. Beta interferons like Avonex or Betaseron are given to slow down the progress of symptoms thereby reducing the number of attacks. Some doctors use Copaxone in the place of interferons for blocking the immune system that attacks the myelin sheath. There are some side effects of these drugs and hence the health of the patient is to be monitored continuously after this drug therapy is started. Similarly Tysabril is also used for reducing the attacks and is recommended for people who cannot tolerate other drugs.
Immunosuppressant like Mitoxantrone is given to reduce the intensity of symptoms and attacks but this drug can be given only for severe patients since it can produce adverse effect to your heart. Physiotherapy is given for people for improve their walking style. It gives lot of benefit by doing stretching exercises daily for affected people. Ampyra is another drug given for improving the speed of walking but it can cause seizures.
Baclofen or Zanaflex is given for reducing muscle stiffness on your legs. Fatigue can be managed by amantadine. The person affected with severe multiple sclerosis should be under the care of doctor continuously for monitoring any changes in bladder or stomach. Stem cell transplantation is done for many patients for injecting healthy stem cells into their blood.
Alternative Therapies :
Deep brain stimulation is a procedure used for treating people with tremors related with multiple sclerosis. In this method electrodes are placed inside the thalamus region of the brain for stimulating the affected part and destroying the inactivate parts of the brain. This method is advantageous when compared with surgery and the position of stimulation can be adjusted easily without conducting another surgery. The stimulator electrode can be switched off if the patient starts responding to other therapies. The tremor caused by this disorder can be managed by deep brain stimulation.
Acupuncture is effective in treating the symptoms of muscle spasms and bladder related problems. Some remedy can be obtained by taking linoleic acid found in sunflower seeds. The patient affected with MS should maintain healthy balanced diet to prevent bladder control problems.
Lifestyle Changes :
The affected person should get plenty of rest avoiding stressful activities. Doing regular exercises can be beneficial for controlling weight and improving muscle strength. Keep your body cool by running plain water on the wrists or (if possible) stay inside the air-conditioned room since the symptoms of multiple sclerosis may worsen when the body temperature rises. Practice yoga and meditation techniques and listen to music so that it gives you great relief from stress.
Gastritis
Gastritis Gastritis is the general term given for inflammation in the stomach. It can occur due to bacterium or injury or many other factors. The soft inner lining (gastric mucosa) of the stomach is inflamed. Gastritis is of two types namely, acute (occurring suddenly) and chronic (long term). Acute gastritis can be erosive or non-erosive type causing damage of mucosal cells. The intensity of chronic gastritis is found by the appearance of inner lining of the stomach.
Symptoms :
Gastritis can cause feeling of fullness or bloated sensation in your stomach after eating. It can cause burning ache or moderate pain in the upper abdomen which may worsen after eating food. In some cases it causes nausea and vomiting, diarrhea.
Most of the time gastritis will not show any symptom. But the affected person may always feel “full” and bloated with lots of burping and belching. The symptoms are not seen daily but they come and go. If your stool is of different color (black) and you have some of the above symptoms you can fix up appointment with your doctor.
Causes :
Infection is the major cause of gastritis. Helicobacter pylori are the bacteria that affect the delicate lining of the stomach causing infection. It would first infect the gastric mucosa (lining) and further proceed to other areas of the stomach. It may remain there for years being both dormant and active. Prolonged usage of Non steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) can also develop infection. Certain drugs like cocaine and continuous consumption of alcohol can damage the mucosa of the stomach.
Stressful events, allergic reactions and radiation therapy can also cause infection of the stomach. Severe type of food poisoning can damage cells of the intestine leading to infection. There is a thick protective layer which serves as a barrier from the enzymes and acids discharged during digestion of food. Sometimes, this barrier gets affected allowing the digestive juices to enter the lining causing inflammation.
Risk Factors :
Individuals who are once infected with Helicobacter pylori would experience symptoms of chronic gastritis. Some other risk factors include old age, overuse of corticosteroids and pain relievers and alcohol consumption can cause inflammation of the stomach lining. Stress undergone during major surgery or severe injury/trauma to the stomach can cause gastritis suddenly.
Bile reflux disease is caused by the action of bile (an enzyme) which travels through small intestine affecting the layers of stomach. Pyloric valve normally prevents the entry of bile into the stomach but sometimes it may not work properly thus causing the discharge of bile into the stomach. People with autoimmune diseases like HIV, cancer and Crohn’s disease are prone to chronic gastritis.
Tests :
The medical history of the affected person is collected by the doctor before treating gastritis. The doctor would ask a series of questions about the list of medications you are taking and about alcohol consumption. He would collect small tissue sample of the stomach by biopsy for testing the presence of H. pylori. Further blood culture, urine and stool analysis of the person is done for detecting any changes. X-ray and barium enema test is conducted for getting clear picture of the abdomen. Stomach endoscopy is done by passing thin tubing through the throat into the stomach and till the intestine. The doctor would then look for symptoms of inflammation and finally collects sample tissue for testing.
Treatment :
Medications are given either for blocking the acid production or for destroying the bacteria. Antibiotics like Biaxin, Flagyl, Amoxicilin, clarithromycin, and tetracycline are prescribed for destroying H. pylori. Follow the instructions of your doctor for completing the course of antibiotics.
Drugs like Omeprazole, lansoprazole and rabeprazole are effective in blocking the acid production. They are proton pump inhibitors in treating acute and chronic gastritis. However long term use of these drugs can cause damage to your hip bone and hence consult your doctor before taking this medication. Antacids helps in neutralizing the acid produced in the stomach and also gives relief from pain.
Pictures of Gastritis :
Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Gastritis
Home Remedies :
Take small amount of meals frequently instead of eating large quantities of food. It helps in easy digestion and absorption. Avoid taking spicy and hot foods and fried items that can cause irritation to the soft lining. Restrict the amount of alcohol you consume. In case you are using pain relievers consider stopping it or try using alternate drugs. H. pylori can be transmitted through food or water. Hence wash the hands thoroughly before eating and always take fully cooked foods. Follow healthy habits in eating and drinking.
Symptoms :
Gastritis can cause feeling of fullness or bloated sensation in your stomach after eating. It can cause burning ache or moderate pain in the upper abdomen which may worsen after eating food. In some cases it causes nausea and vomiting, diarrhea.
Most of the time gastritis will not show any symptom. But the affected person may always feel “full” and bloated with lots of burping and belching. The symptoms are not seen daily but they come and go. If your stool is of different color (black) and you have some of the above symptoms you can fix up appointment with your doctor.
Causes :
Infection is the major cause of gastritis. Helicobacter pylori are the bacteria that affect the delicate lining of the stomach causing infection. It would first infect the gastric mucosa (lining) and further proceed to other areas of the stomach. It may remain there for years being both dormant and active. Prolonged usage of Non steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) can also develop infection. Certain drugs like cocaine and continuous consumption of alcohol can damage the mucosa of the stomach.
Stressful events, allergic reactions and radiation therapy can also cause infection of the stomach. Severe type of food poisoning can damage cells of the intestine leading to infection. There is a thick protective layer which serves as a barrier from the enzymes and acids discharged during digestion of food. Sometimes, this barrier gets affected allowing the digestive juices to enter the lining causing inflammation.
Risk Factors :
Individuals who are once infected with Helicobacter pylori would experience symptoms of chronic gastritis. Some other risk factors include old age, overuse of corticosteroids and pain relievers and alcohol consumption can cause inflammation of the stomach lining. Stress undergone during major surgery or severe injury/trauma to the stomach can cause gastritis suddenly.
Bile reflux disease is caused by the action of bile (an enzyme) which travels through small intestine affecting the layers of stomach. Pyloric valve normally prevents the entry of bile into the stomach but sometimes it may not work properly thus causing the discharge of bile into the stomach. People with autoimmune diseases like HIV, cancer and Crohn’s disease are prone to chronic gastritis.
Tests :
The medical history of the affected person is collected by the doctor before treating gastritis. The doctor would ask a series of questions about the list of medications you are taking and about alcohol consumption. He would collect small tissue sample of the stomach by biopsy for testing the presence of H. pylori. Further blood culture, urine and stool analysis of the person is done for detecting any changes. X-ray and barium enema test is conducted for getting clear picture of the abdomen. Stomach endoscopy is done by passing thin tubing through the throat into the stomach and till the intestine. The doctor would then look for symptoms of inflammation and finally collects sample tissue for testing.
Treatment :
Medications are given either for blocking the acid production or for destroying the bacteria. Antibiotics like Biaxin, Flagyl, Amoxicilin, clarithromycin, and tetracycline are prescribed for destroying H. pylori. Follow the instructions of your doctor for completing the course of antibiotics.
Drugs like Omeprazole, lansoprazole and rabeprazole are effective in blocking the acid production. They are proton pump inhibitors in treating acute and chronic gastritis. However long term use of these drugs can cause damage to your hip bone and hence consult your doctor before taking this medication. Antacids helps in neutralizing the acid produced in the stomach and also gives relief from pain.
Pictures of Gastritis :
Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Gastritis
Home Remedies :
Take small amount of meals frequently instead of eating large quantities of food. It helps in easy digestion and absorption. Avoid taking spicy and hot foods and fried items that can cause irritation to the soft lining. Restrict the amount of alcohol you consume. In case you are using pain relievers consider stopping it or try using alternate drugs. H. pylori can be transmitted through food or water. Hence wash the hands thoroughly before eating and always take fully cooked foods. Follow healthy habits in eating and drinking.
Sunday, January 12, 2014
Norovirus
Norovirus Norovirus is a severe viral infection disturbing the balance of gastro intestine. Individuals affected with norovirus will develop sudden vomiting/diarrhea with abdominal cramps. The symptoms would last for few days and the person will recover automatically without taking any treatment. However noroviruses can infect severely on infants and young children leading to dehydration.
This viral infection is contagious spreading quickly from infected food/water and by close contact with infected person. Norovirus is caused by group of viruses which would affect the soft lining of the stomach causing inflammation. This viral infection originated in Norwalk, Ohio and hence the name Norovirus.
Causes :
Eating contaminated food and drinking contaminated water is the main reason for getting norovirus infection. Consuming raw meat/uncooked or undercooked oysters can lead to diarrhea and stomach pain. The virus would have infected the food item and by consuming the food unknowingly you are infested with virus. You may get this infection even by simply touching the objects that are exposed to viruses and touching your nose or eyes with the same finger.
Norovirus spreads quickly and can easily pass from one person to another in social setups like day care, nursing home, clinic and close quarters. These viruses can live in any temperature and on any surface and hence it is passed on to others by sharing the utensils. Suppose a man employed in a hotel is infected with norovirus he may spread the virus to any number of people by simply touching the food products before serving it. Some of the food products through which this virus spreads include salads (freshly cut vegetables), oysters and raspberries.
Symptoms :
Some of the signs of norovirus infection are nausea, vomiting, passing watery stool, abdominal cramps, dehydration, loss of weight and low grade fever. Incubation period for norovirus is roughly a day or two and shortly after exposure it will cause diarrhea. The virus is usually excreted through feces and the symptoms will last for 2-3 days after the exit of virus. Some people may develop body pain and muscle pain due to loss of nutrients.
Risk Factors :
People with weakened immunity and having vulnerable diseases like AIDS, people living in unsanitary environments and working in food processing centers, people who are frequently traveling and staying in new hotels and resorts and those employed in day care and nursing homes are likely to develop norovirus. Often, this infection will clear off within few days but in rare cases, it can cause dehydration and malnutrition.
Diagnoses :
Norovirus infection can be diagnosed easily by the above symptoms or by checking the stool sample.
Treatment :
Antibiotics are not useful in managing the symptoms of norovirus since it is not caused by bacteria. In healthy individuals, the symptoms will fade within few days without any treatment but for some people antiviral medications are given. Even without taking any drugs you can manage vomiting and diarrhea by simply drinking lot of fluids and restoring lost balance of ions. You can take plenty of fresh fruit juices and electrolytes. Avoid taking coffee/tea or alcohol since it may worsen the symptoms. Over the counter hydration drinks like Pedialyte can be given if you suspect norovirus infection for your child.
Prevention :
Norovirus infection being contagious can spread quickly and hence you need to be cautious and hygienic. For those who are working with lot of people like nursing home and in social setups following healthy habits is absolutely necessary to prevent this infection. You should wash the hands for 10 seconds (minimum) before eating. In case that is not possible you can use hand sanitizer after using the toilet or changing diapers. Do not eat undercooked or raw foods.
If you have already developed norovirus infection you need to take leave from cooking since you are likely to spread the infection to others by handling food substances. Using bleaching agents that contain chlorine is recommended on contaminated surface/areas to prevent this infection.
This viral infection is contagious spreading quickly from infected food/water and by close contact with infected person. Norovirus is caused by group of viruses which would affect the soft lining of the stomach causing inflammation. This viral infection originated in Norwalk, Ohio and hence the name Norovirus.
Causes :
Eating contaminated food and drinking contaminated water is the main reason for getting norovirus infection. Consuming raw meat/uncooked or undercooked oysters can lead to diarrhea and stomach pain. The virus would have infected the food item and by consuming the food unknowingly you are infested with virus. You may get this infection even by simply touching the objects that are exposed to viruses and touching your nose or eyes with the same finger.
Norovirus spreads quickly and can easily pass from one person to another in social setups like day care, nursing home, clinic and close quarters. These viruses can live in any temperature and on any surface and hence it is passed on to others by sharing the utensils. Suppose a man employed in a hotel is infected with norovirus he may spread the virus to any number of people by simply touching the food products before serving it. Some of the food products through which this virus spreads include salads (freshly cut vegetables), oysters and raspberries.
Symptoms :
Some of the signs of norovirus infection are nausea, vomiting, passing watery stool, abdominal cramps, dehydration, loss of weight and low grade fever. Incubation period for norovirus is roughly a day or two and shortly after exposure it will cause diarrhea. The virus is usually excreted through feces and the symptoms will last for 2-3 days after the exit of virus. Some people may develop body pain and muscle pain due to loss of nutrients.
Risk Factors :
People with weakened immunity and having vulnerable diseases like AIDS, people living in unsanitary environments and working in food processing centers, people who are frequently traveling and staying in new hotels and resorts and those employed in day care and nursing homes are likely to develop norovirus. Often, this infection will clear off within few days but in rare cases, it can cause dehydration and malnutrition.
Diagnoses :
Norovirus infection can be diagnosed easily by the above symptoms or by checking the stool sample.
Treatment :
Antibiotics are not useful in managing the symptoms of norovirus since it is not caused by bacteria. In healthy individuals, the symptoms will fade within few days without any treatment but for some people antiviral medications are given. Even without taking any drugs you can manage vomiting and diarrhea by simply drinking lot of fluids and restoring lost balance of ions. You can take plenty of fresh fruit juices and electrolytes. Avoid taking coffee/tea or alcohol since it may worsen the symptoms. Over the counter hydration drinks like Pedialyte can be given if you suspect norovirus infection for your child.
Prevention :
Norovirus infection being contagious can spread quickly and hence you need to be cautious and hygienic. For those who are working with lot of people like nursing home and in social setups following healthy habits is absolutely necessary to prevent this infection. You should wash the hands for 10 seconds (minimum) before eating. In case that is not possible you can use hand sanitizer after using the toilet or changing diapers. Do not eat undercooked or raw foods.
If you have already developed norovirus infection you need to take leave from cooking since you are likely to spread the infection to others by handling food substances. Using bleaching agents that contain chlorine is recommended on contaminated surface/areas to prevent this infection.
Sinus Infection
Sinus Infection Sinus is a small cavity present within the underlying tissue or bone. They are common found on the nasal cavities and on the bones of the face. When these areas of tissue develop infection caused by virus or bacteria it leads to sinus infection. Sinus is also found on various other organs like heart, under the eyes and on the forehead. Sinus infection is not contagious and is caused by bacteria or virus and other pathogens. It causes swelling of concerned tissue which leads to abnormal mucus discharge.
The air cavities of the nose develop inflammation leading to cough and sneezing. Many times sinus infection develops due to allergic reactions. Antibiotics are given if the sinusitis is caused by bacterium. Acute sinus is caused often due to common cold. Chronic sinusitis can cause complications extending for many weeks.
Symptoms :
Persistent cough, mucus discharge from the nose or throat, congestion in the nasal cavities, sore throat, pain and tenderness in the areas around the eyes and forehead and decreased sense of smell and taste are some of the signs of sinus infection. For many children/adults, cough gets worse during night. In addition there may be fever, headache and body pain. The phlegm produced will be greenish yellow in color with foul smell during sinus infection.
Additional pressure is applied on the sinus tissues which may cause headache for some people. The same pressure can cause itching of eyes, ear pain and bad breath. In case of rare fungal infection it may cause ulcers on the oral cavity and on the nasal region.
Causes :
There is swelling of thin lining of mucous membranes of the nose when sinus infection develops. This additional swelling will not let out the mucus which was previously discharged normally from the nostrils. Sinus infection is caused by viral infection, bacterial or fungal infection. If the symptoms mentioned above continue for more than a week then it is likely to be of bacterial infection.
When the body’s immunity gets weakened for other reasons it can cause fungal infection. Nasal polyps or tumors in the nasal passage, hay fever, allergic fever and tooth infection can cause sinusitis. Certain medical disorders like GERD (a reflux disease), cystic fibrosis and disorders in the body’s immune system can induce sinusitis. Common cold, exposure to allergies like dust or smoke, cigarette smoke can block the nasal passage leading to sinus infection.
Types :
Sinus infection is classified according to the time span the disease takes. Acute sinusitis is one which exists for few days or weeks whereas chronic sinusitis may continue for months together causing nasal blockage and runny nose.
Risk Factors :
You are likely to develop sinus infection when you are exposed to allergic smoke, chemicals, dust, or grains. Any deviation in the nasal septum or development of nasal tumors or polyps can cause sinus infection. People who are habitually smoking are more likely to develop sinusitis than others. In rare cases, sinus infection may develop into asthma attack, if left untreated for several weeks. If the infectious bacteria or virus spreads to the bloodstream it may reach the brain causing meningitis. In rare cases, the infection can severely damage the eye socket leading to loss of vision.
Diagnoses :
Your doctor will physically examine the body looking more particularly on your nose and throat. He will examine the nasal passage to check for any inflammation or development of any polyps inside. He may recommend a nasal endoscopy to inspect the nasal passage clearly. For severe cases, CT or MRI scan is done for ruling out any abnormalities inside.
Treatment :
Often acute type of sinus infection do not require any treatment if it is caused by common cold. You can try home remedies to get relief from symptoms. You can use decongestants in the form of tablets or nasal sprays for managing most of the symptoms of acute sinusitis. Your doctor may prescribe saline nasal spray to clear off the nasal blockage. Corticosteroid medications like Flonase, Nasonex, Budesonide, Nasacort and Beconase are largely prescribed for treating inflammation.
In case of fatigue or fever you can use aspirin or Tylenol for getting relief from pain. But it is not recommended for children. Avoid taking antibiotics since sinus infection is caused by virus. Unless it is bacterial infection antibiotics should not be used. For severe bacterial infection medications like Amoxil, doxycycline or Monodox are prescribed. Once your doctor gives you antibiotics ensure that you are completing the course of the medication. If you stop them after getting relief from symptoms, it can come back within few days.
If the sinusitis is caused by fungal infection, your doctor may prescribe antifungal drugs. If the root cause is weakened immunity then you will be put on immunotherapy. Chronic sinus infection can be treated by taking long course of drugs like Augmentin. In severe cases, surgery is done for clearing/opening the blocked sinus tissues.
Home Remedies :
Most of the symptoms of acute sinusitis can be managed by simple home remedies. You need to drink plenty of water/fluids to keep yourself hydrated. Avoid taking coffee/tea/alcohol since it may worsen the symptoms. Take complete rest to help the body fight against infections which would speed-up the process of recovery.
Warm compression can be applied on the entire face to loosen the blocked sinuses. Try using neti pot or other rinsing methods for clearing off the sinuses. It may be difficult for you to breathe normally while having sinus infection. Hence keep your head elevated position by adding more pillows.
Prevention :
You cannot prevent sinus infection but you can avoid allergy causing environment. No vaccine has been developed against sinusitis. Cigarette smoke in any form can gradually damage the tissues of the lungs blocking nasal passage. So, avoid active/passive smoking. Allergy may be the real culprit of sinus infection and hence you need to get tested for allergic infection and treat the same. Treating the underlying problem is vital to prevent getting chronic sinusitis.
The air cavities of the nose develop inflammation leading to cough and sneezing. Many times sinus infection develops due to allergic reactions. Antibiotics are given if the sinusitis is caused by bacterium. Acute sinus is caused often due to common cold. Chronic sinusitis can cause complications extending for many weeks.
Symptoms :
Persistent cough, mucus discharge from the nose or throat, congestion in the nasal cavities, sore throat, pain and tenderness in the areas around the eyes and forehead and decreased sense of smell and taste are some of the signs of sinus infection. For many children/adults, cough gets worse during night. In addition there may be fever, headache and body pain. The phlegm produced will be greenish yellow in color with foul smell during sinus infection.
Additional pressure is applied on the sinus tissues which may cause headache for some people. The same pressure can cause itching of eyes, ear pain and bad breath. In case of rare fungal infection it may cause ulcers on the oral cavity and on the nasal region.
Causes :
There is swelling of thin lining of mucous membranes of the nose when sinus infection develops. This additional swelling will not let out the mucus which was previously discharged normally from the nostrils. Sinus infection is caused by viral infection, bacterial or fungal infection. If the symptoms mentioned above continue for more than a week then it is likely to be of bacterial infection.
When the body’s immunity gets weakened for other reasons it can cause fungal infection. Nasal polyps or tumors in the nasal passage, hay fever, allergic fever and tooth infection can cause sinusitis. Certain medical disorders like GERD (a reflux disease), cystic fibrosis and disorders in the body’s immune system can induce sinusitis. Common cold, exposure to allergies like dust or smoke, cigarette smoke can block the nasal passage leading to sinus infection.
Types :
Sinus infection is classified according to the time span the disease takes. Acute sinusitis is one which exists for few days or weeks whereas chronic sinusitis may continue for months together causing nasal blockage and runny nose.
Risk Factors :
You are likely to develop sinus infection when you are exposed to allergic smoke, chemicals, dust, or grains. Any deviation in the nasal septum or development of nasal tumors or polyps can cause sinus infection. People who are habitually smoking are more likely to develop sinusitis than others. In rare cases, sinus infection may develop into asthma attack, if left untreated for several weeks. If the infectious bacteria or virus spreads to the bloodstream it may reach the brain causing meningitis. In rare cases, the infection can severely damage the eye socket leading to loss of vision.
Diagnoses :
Your doctor will physically examine the body looking more particularly on your nose and throat. He will examine the nasal passage to check for any inflammation or development of any polyps inside. He may recommend a nasal endoscopy to inspect the nasal passage clearly. For severe cases, CT or MRI scan is done for ruling out any abnormalities inside.
Treatment :
Often acute type of sinus infection do not require any treatment if it is caused by common cold. You can try home remedies to get relief from symptoms. You can use decongestants in the form of tablets or nasal sprays for managing most of the symptoms of acute sinusitis. Your doctor may prescribe saline nasal spray to clear off the nasal blockage. Corticosteroid medications like Flonase, Nasonex, Budesonide, Nasacort and Beconase are largely prescribed for treating inflammation.
In case of fatigue or fever you can use aspirin or Tylenol for getting relief from pain. But it is not recommended for children. Avoid taking antibiotics since sinus infection is caused by virus. Unless it is bacterial infection antibiotics should not be used. For severe bacterial infection medications like Amoxil, doxycycline or Monodox are prescribed. Once your doctor gives you antibiotics ensure that you are completing the course of the medication. If you stop them after getting relief from symptoms, it can come back within few days.
If the sinusitis is caused by fungal infection, your doctor may prescribe antifungal drugs. If the root cause is weakened immunity then you will be put on immunotherapy. Chronic sinus infection can be treated by taking long course of drugs like Augmentin. In severe cases, surgery is done for clearing/opening the blocked sinus tissues.
Home Remedies :
Most of the symptoms of acute sinusitis can be managed by simple home remedies. You need to drink plenty of water/fluids to keep yourself hydrated. Avoid taking coffee/tea/alcohol since it may worsen the symptoms. Take complete rest to help the body fight against infections which would speed-up the process of recovery.
Warm compression can be applied on the entire face to loosen the blocked sinuses. Try using neti pot or other rinsing methods for clearing off the sinuses. It may be difficult for you to breathe normally while having sinus infection. Hence keep your head elevated position by adding more pillows.
Prevention :
You cannot prevent sinus infection but you can avoid allergy causing environment. No vaccine has been developed against sinusitis. Cigarette smoke in any form can gradually damage the tissues of the lungs blocking nasal passage. So, avoid active/passive smoking. Allergy may be the real culprit of sinus infection and hence you need to get tested for allergic infection and treat the same. Treating the underlying problem is vital to prevent getting chronic sinusitis.
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