What is Hypovolemia?
This is a reduction in the blood volume, due to losing body fluids or blood. Loss of blood can be caused from internal or external injuries with bleeding or definite obstetric emergencies. Vomiting and diarrhea are also common causes of loss of body fluid. Also fluid can be lost due to large burns, diuretics, or excessively perspiration. Fluid intake that is inadequate can also cause this condition.
Hypovolemia Symptoms
The primary symptoms of hypovolemia may comprise mucous membranes that are dry, loss of elasticity of the skin and urine output is decreased. As hypovolemia advances, more severe symptoms advance. Hypovolemia may progress slowly or occur abruptly.
Common early symptoms of hypovolemia consist of:
- Urine output decreased
- Loss of elasticity of the skin
- Mucous membranes that are dry such as the nose and mouth
Serious symptoms might specify a life-threatening condition. Immediate medical attention should be sought by calling 911, if you or anyone you are with have symptoms including:
- Pregnancy bleeding
- Lips and fingernails have a bluish color
- Change in consciousness or alertness level, such as being unresponsive or passing out
- Chest tightness, chest pain, palpitations, chest pressure
- Burns large with blistering
- Not creating urine or an infant who does not have the normal quantity of wet diapers
- Heart rate is rapid or tachycardia
- Rapid breathing or tachypnea
- Trauma for instance as bone deformity, eye injuries, burns and other injuries
- Heavy or uncontrolled bleeding or hemorrhage
- Vomiting that is uncontrolled
- Vomiting blood, bleeding rectally, or stools that are bloody
- Weak pulse
Hypovolemia Causes
Any conditions that cause fluid loss or bleeding can result in hypovolemia, as can insufficient intake of fluids. When severe or persistent vomiting and diarrhea occur this may reduce body fluids. Fluids may as well be lost due to large burns or unnecessary sweating. Using diuretics may result in fluid loss by increasing output urine. Loss of blood might be a result from internal or external bleeding. Often pregnancy complications may also cause the blood loss leading to hypovolemia.
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Numerous conditions might cause hypovolemia and several of these are conditions are serious. Examples can include:
- Decreased ability of blood clotting
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Sweating that is excessive – resulting from exposure to heat
- Extremes of age – infants and the elderly may be unable to take fluids
- Kidney problems resulting in urination increase
- Using diuretics
Many condition cause hypovolemia that is severe and are life-threatening that need immediate evaluation in an emergency setting. These include:
- Ectopic pregnancy – pregnancy life-threatening and growing outside of uterus
- Bleeding internally – from gastrointestinal tract but can develop elsewhere
- Burns that are large
- Aortic aneurysm that is ruptured – bulging and weakened aortic artery walls that can burst and cause bleeding that is severe – or other vascular abnormalities.
- Trauma or serious injury
Hypovolemia Treatment
The major aim of the treating of hypovolemia is monitoring the loss of blood or fluid, replacing these fluids and blood to help restore the circulation. If hypovolemia results from injury, a healthcare provider must take measures to stop more injury. This might involve steadying of the spine, splinting any bone breaks, maintaining clear airway, if needed provide ventilation and chest compressions, elevation of the legs when safe to do and decreasing any ongoing bleeding as much as is possible. There are some cases where emergency surgery might be needed to control trauma.
Common treatments used to restore blood volumes and circulation include:
- Transfusion of blood plasma
- Transfusion of cryoprecipitate
- Intravenous colloids or solutions containing complex sugars known as dextrans, proteins, or starches.
- Intravenous crystalloids or salt solutions
- Transfusion of platelets
- Transfusion of red blood cells
- Vasopressors – such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, vasopressin and dopamine that increase blood pressure.
