High Ketones in Urine

High Ketones in Urine
The presence of ketones in urine indicates that the body is making use of fat as energy source instead of glucose. Ketonuria, as this condition is referred to, is characterized by the high quantity of ketone bodies in the urine. This arises when the body has to metabolize stored fat rather than glucose for fuel. Various factors could bring forth ketonuria including starvation, severe physical activity, prolonged exposure to cold, constant vomiting and diabetes. 

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What are the causes of ketones in urine? 

Normally, the body gets energy from glucose. If, for some reason, there is not enough glucose that the body can use, it will switch to using stored fats. As fatty acids are metabolized, ketones will be produced by the liver. In a normal state, the amount of ketone that gets into the urine is minimal or nothing at all. But when the primary source of energy is stored fat, the quantity of unmetabolized ketones become significant it can be detected in the urine. This condition is known as ketonuria. 

Ketonuria could be caused by a number of things. Some of these are:

• Starvation

When the body isn’t sufficiently nourished, there will be a shortage of carbohydrates to supply the body’s energy requirements. And so, stored fat will be processed in its place. Starvation could be a result of not eating for a long time, alcoholism, bulimia and anorexia. Fasting, high protein-low carbohydrate diets, severe vomiting and frequent diarrhea could likewise lead to starvation.

• Diabetes

Uncontrolled diabetes milletus can cause high ketones in urine. In diabetes, the body is not able to break down glucose due to the lack of insulin. And so fat is metabolized to serve as fuel, instead.

• Other causes

Some other conditions could factor in the appearance of ketone bodies in the urine. These are long-term illnesses, fever, dehydration, hyperthyroidism and other disorders in which the metabolism is increased, glycogen storage disease, renal glycosuria, poisoning, alkalosis, pregnancy and lactation.

How is ketonuria diagnosed? 

The presence of ketones in urine can be determined through a urine test. Before the test, any medications or drugs that could affect the test results must be stopped. In addition, a specialized diet may have to be recommended. Urine sample will be collected and placed in a sterile container. The detection of ketone bodies in urine is usually done as a “spot test”. A test strip specific for the identification of ketones is dipped in the urine sample. The color will change depending on the level of ketone bodies in the urine. 

Though standard normal values may differ from one laboratory to another, generally they follow the following with only slight variations.

• Small: less than 20 mg/dL


• Moderate: 30 – 40 mg/dL


• Large: greater than 80 mg/dL

There are instances when the results return false positives but no ketones are present. This may be attributed to certain medications like vitamin C, valporic acid, and levodopa. 

What are the symptoms of ketones in urine? 

The level of ketones in the urine is an indicator of the status of the body. The symptoms that accompany ketonuria depend on the underlying cause. The following are some of the symptoms that usually accompany high amounts of ketone:

• breathing heavily


• dehydration


• dilated pupils


• frequent urination


• sweet smell of breath


• thirst

What are the problems that may arise  with high ketones in urine? 

The accumulation of ketones in the body could lead to serious health problems especially for individuals with diabetes. If the condition is left unattended it could eventually result in ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia. The former is characterized by the presence of excessive ketones in the blood; whereas the latter is a condition in which the blood has high sugar levels. 

How is ketonuria treated? 

The presence of ketones in urine, especially if it is small, may be harmless. However, the cause must be determined first so that the appropriate treatment method can be applied. If it is found out that the condition is a result of starvation, diet modification to ensure that there will be sufficient source of carbohydrates will be recommended. For ketonuria resulting from insufficient level of insulin, the amount of insulin shot may need to be modified. Those with diabetes who test positive for ketones in urine must see their doctor so that management of the disease can be improved. On the other hand, increased ketone bodies in urine due to illnesses or metabolic disorders must be dealt with based on the underlying problem. 

Can ketonuria be prevented?

High level of ketones in urine can be avoided by maintaining a well-balanced diet to ensure that the body has the right amount of energy source. Diabetics should also make sure that their disease is well under control. Insulin injection schedules must be followed religiously. 

Why is my urine cloudy?

Why is my urine cloudy?
Having cloudy urine could mean a number of things. Urine is typically clear with a yellowish tinge. If it takes on a murky, foamy or turbid appearance it is described as cloudy. There are plenty of reasons for having murky urine, from a mild case of dehydration to a severe disease. In general, there is no need to fret if the cloudy appearance is temporary and goes away on its own and no other symptoms are present. On the other hand, if the urine is always turbid or has been for quite some time, a consultation with a doctor may be necessary. 

What is the cause cloudy urine? 

If the urine is turbid, a wide assortment of reasons is possible. Some of the notable causes include:

• Dehydration

This is the most frequent cause of cloudy urine. The insufficient supply of water in the body causes the urine to become murky and take on a darker shade of yellow since it is not diluted with water. Mild dehydration usually causes temporary turbidity which resolves on its own.

• Food

Certain foods and even drinks can alter the color of the urine. Depending on the color that gets mixed with the urine, it may take on a murky appearance. This, however, is not very common.

• Vitamins and medications

Certain water soluble vitamin supplements cause cloudy urine; some examples are vitamins B and C. Furthermore, some drugs have side effects that include cloudiness in the urine.

• Urinary tract infections (UTI)

Infections affecting the urinary tract can result in bacteria (pus) and blood to seep in the urine. This will render the urine a murky appearance. If UTI is the cause, cloudy urine is typically accompanied by burning sensation during urination and extreme pain.

• Cystitis

Cystitis is an infection of the bladder that may cause urine turbidity. In addition to having murky urine, this bladder inflammation is also characterized by increased frequency in urination, difficult as well as painful urination.

• Gonorrhea

The vaginal discharge that comes along with gonorrhea could mix with the urine during urination thus giving it a cloudy appearance.

• Vaginal discharge

Any kind of discharges that originate from the vagina could blend in with the urine making it turbid.

• Blood in urine

Blood will not necessarily appear bright red when mixed with urine especially when it is in minute amounts. Microscopic blood cells will make the urine cloudy, sometimes taking on a brownish or slightly reddish hue.

• Diabetes

A number of diabetic individuals have murky urine. This is usually attributed to kidney infections or urinary tract infections that diabetics experience frequently.

• Pregnancy

Many pregnant women will notice that their urine is cloudy. This is due to the hormonal changes as well as the increase in vaginal discharge during pregnancy. If the turbidity is pregnancy-related, it will return to normal after childbirth.

• Chemical exposure

Some chemicals used in the industrial setting or at home can cause cloudy urine. Prolonged and frequent exposure to these chemicals should be avoided.

• Kidney problems

The presence of kidney stones may result in urine turbidity since they release minerals into the urine. Also, kidney damage and diseases prevent the kidneys from functioning properly; hence, particulates are not effectively filtered resulting in murky urine. 

What are the symptoms that accompany cloudy urine? 

Cloudy urine is not a disease; rather, it is a sign of a condition which may manifest other symptoms as well. Not all cases of murky urine are presented with other symptoms. Such as in the case of mild dehydration, aside from the urine being murky, other signs may be absent. However, if cloudy urine is due to certain diseases or health conditions, symptoms like the following may be noticeable too.

• Pain

Pain, together with having turbid urine, is typically a sign of problems involving the urinary tract and kidneys. UTI can cause painful urination which goes away after urinating. In contrast, pain attributed to kidney stones is present even when not urinating. Until the kidney stones are eliminated, the pain will not disappear.

• Foul smell

Cloudy urine that is accompanied by a bad smell could spell UTI because of the presence of bacteria.

When should cloudy urine become a cause of concern? 

Cloudy urine could be a sign of a serious health condition. Some of the health issues that may cause murky urine and need to be treated accordingly include diabetes, urinary tract infections, urinary stones, kidney stones and other kidney diseases, prostate hyperplasia in men, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, proteinuria, gonorrhea, cystitis, and nephritis. 

The treatment of cloudy urine largely varies and is based on the root cause. Whether it is food, vitamin or disease that brought forth the turbidity in the urine, the underlying cause must be determined first and be addressed appropriately. 

PT INR – Range, Normal, High, Test Results Interpretation

PT INR – Range, Normal, High, Test Results Interpretation
INR is an abbreviated form for International Normalized Ratio. It is a ratio used to find out the blood clotting ability of an individual.

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INR and the blood clotting pathway: An explanation

There are 12 to 14 factors that aid the process of blood clotting such as tissue glycoproteins and proteins, enzymes, receptors, etc. The occurrence of an internal condition or an external injury to a tissue causes such factors to precipitate, thereby leading a blood clot to form at the given site and thus avoid blood loss. It may be noted that some of these factors are significantly needed in case of internal or external injuries, while other factors are common in the process of a blood clot formation. When the actions of these factors become abnormal, then the risk to increased blood clot formation or excessive bleeding also increases. Hence, it is important to determine the time needed by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to clot the blood.

The test which helps in the measurement of the extrinsic pathway is called the “PT blood test” or “INR PT” or “prothrombin time.” Likewise, the test used to determine the working of the common pathway  and intrinsic factors is known as the “aPTT test”, which is an abbreviated form of “activated partial thromboplastin time.” Doctors prefer to perform both the tests to as to understand the bleeding pattern of an individual.

INR refers to a ratio used for measuring the deviation of an individual’s extrinsic bleeding pattern from that of the common population. It is computed by taking a ratio of PT or an individual’s plasma sample to that of the ‘control sample of plasma’, to the power of International Sensitivity Index or ISI. As per the tissue factor employed in the test, the value of ISI is set. INR can thus be shown as an equation.

Importance of PT INR testing

A doctor may recommend a PT INR test to check for the presence of the following conditions:

• Deficiency of vitamin K


• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation or DIC


• Warfarin therapy, is considered as one of the most essential reasons for conducting a PT INR test. A PT INR normal values will help in determining the quantity of anticoagulation required by people affected by stroke, thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism, and with artificial heart valves


• Suspected deficiency of factors, like factor X or V


• Liver failure or end stage liver disorder


• To check for occurrence of various abnormalities in different platelet and bleeding disorders, such as von Willebrand disease, thrombocytopenia uremia, hemophilia, etc.

The PT INR test

The test is carried out in two steps.

• The first step involves collection of the blood sample in an anticoagulant citrate bulb. It may be noted that the citrate found in the bulb has to have a citrate: blood ratio of 1:9. The citrate attaches to calcium and reduces the clotting. Then the blood sample is centrifuged and separation of plasma from the cells is done.


• The second step involves dropping of the collected plasma onto the analyzer strip and its insertion into the INR automated test machine. The temperature needs to be somewhat near 37 degrees. Increased calcium is then used to wash the blood sample so as to undo the anticoagulation effect of citrate. Clotting is then initiated by adding a standard tissue factor to the sample. The time taken for clotting of blood is then calculated either mechanically by the lab technicians or optically by the machine. This time is then used with the above discussed formula to compute the INR.

PT INR normal values

• The normal PT ranges from ten to thirteen seconds. As INR is a ratio, the general population will have a value of about 1. After taking into consideration the differences across the general population, the INR ranges between 0.8 and 1.2 among them. This indicates that in most instances, the blood will clot in thirteen seconds on conducting the test.

High PT INR values

A high INR value generally indicates an increased risk of bleeding. Such bleeding is persistent even with small injuries to the blood vessels or the micro vessels. An INR value that is greater than five increases the vulnerability to excessive internal bleeding. Such bleeding of the internal organs can affect their functioning and result in hypotension, ultimately causing death, if not treated immediately.

Individuals with below mentioned abnormalities may have high INR value:

• Flawed test procedure, particularly collection of more or less blood volume, or using increased citrate amounts


• Deficiency of Vitamin K


• Warfarin therapy


• Mal-absorption syndromes


• Liver failure or disease

It is important to note that, monitoring of PT INR normal values is very essential after starting out a patient on anticoagulation therapy. Doctors recommend the testing of PT INR normal values on a daily or biweekly basis, during the first month. After the stabilization of the PT INR values, such monitoring can be altered to a weekly checkup and later monthly or twice a month checkup .

Prader Willi Syndrome

Prader Willi Syndrome
Prader Willi syndrome causes a wide range of physical, mental and medical problems due to the deletion or absence of some genes in the long chain of chromosome 15. Children affected by this condition find it difficult to thrive as it results in poor growth, weak muscle tone and delayed growth and motor developments. Also, they are intellectually impaired and exhibit certain behavioral and speech problems. The syndrome often leads to obesity even at a very young age.

Living with Prader Willi Syndrome is not easy especially since it is incurable. Even so, treatment can give the needed help for the affected persons to manage the symptoms and prevent complications from happening. The syndrome is usually treated under the close supervision of a team of health care professionals who will design the treatment plan based on the special dietary, medical and behavioral needs of the patient.

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2 Symptoms of Prader Willi Syndrome

• 2.1 Distinctive facial features
• 2.2 Developmental delay
• 2.3 Hormonal imbalance and food craving
• 2.4 Delayed motor skills
• 2.5 Intellectual disability

3 Treatment of Prader Willi Syndrome

4  Prader Willi Syndrome Pictures

Cause of Prader Willi Syndrome

Prader Willi Syndrome (PWS) is brought forth by the absence or defects of some of the genes in chromosome 15. This genetic deletion causes the hallmark features of the syndrome. Experts had uncovered which genes are missing or defective in the case of PWS, and these are:

• 
  Small nucleolar RNAs
  

SnoRNAs are responsible in giving instructions for the production of molecules that will regulate other RNA molecules. The loss of SnoRNA genes causes the characteristic features of PWS.

• 
  OCA2
  

The OCA2 gene is involved in producing a certain type of protein that determines the pigmentation or coloring of eyes, skin and hair. The absence of the OCA2 gene in chromosome 15 results in the unusually light-colored hair and fair skin among PWS patients.

Genetic studies revealed that the paternal copy – or the genetic copy inherited from the father, is usually affected. PWS could arise due to:

• Deletion of the paternal genetic material in chromosome 15

The missing genetic material in the paternal copy of chromosome 15 comprises around 70% of PWS cases. The deletion of some genes also turns the maternal copy of chromosome 15 inactive.

• Paternal copy of chromosome 15 is completely absent

In around 25% to 30% of PWS cases, the paternal copy of chromosome 15 is completely absent. This means that the patient has two maternal copies of chromosome 15 instead of having one copy from each parent.

• Genetic mutation or translocation

In rare cases, PWS is the result of a genetic mutation or chromosomal translocation which makes the genes of the paternal copy of chromosome 15 to become inactive.

Symptoms of Prader Willi Syndrome

Studies have shown that people affected by PWS have a dysfunctional hypothalamus – the part of the brain that controls various bodily functions. How the chromosomal abnormality involving the paternal copy of chromosome 15 causes the hypothalamus to malfunction is still being investigated. One thing is sure though, a problematic hypothalamus affects hunger, temperature, emotions, pain regulation, fertility and many more.

Though the condition is already present at birth, the symptoms will likely be noticed within the first 12 months of the child’s life. Other identifying symptoms become more pronounced as the child grows older.

• 
  Distinctive facial features
  

Children with PWS have narrow foreheads, triangular mouths, almond-shaped eyes, thin upper lips and short stature. They have little hands and feet as well as unusually light-colored hair and fair skin.

• 
  Developmental delay
  

Infants born with PWS have incredibly low muscle tone making them appear floppy. They generally have a weak cry and unable to flex their knees and elbows. They are too small for their age and become somewhat malnourished due to feeding difficulties. Poor eye coordination, slow response to stimulation and unusual tiredness can also be observed.

• 
  Hormonal imbalance and food craving
  

Hormonal imbalance causes delayed puberty, underdeveloped genitals and infertility. In addition, Prader Willi syndrome is the leading cause of childhood obesity.  Furthermore, the afflicted children exhibit constant food cravings and even strange food-seeking behaviors.

• 
  Delayed motor skills
  

PWS also causes babies to sit and walk much later than their contemporaries. This is more pronounced during childhood up to adulthood when the patient is observed to be significantly much shorter compared to other members of the family.

• 
  Intellectual disability
  

Cognitive abilities could be slightly or moderately affected. Speech is also delayed and sufferers find it difficult to express themselves in speaking and writing.

Children affected by Prader Willi Syndrome also have behavioral problems, mental retardation, sleeping disorders as well as scoliosis. PWS rarely occurs, affecting 1 out of 10,000 to 30,000 live births, often as a result random events during conception.

Treatment of Prader Willi Syndrome

Having a child with PWS can be overwhelming and put a family in an emotional and mental turmoil. Being aware of the root cause of the condition will help take away feelings of guilt and drive them to seek treatment and live with the disorder.

The treatment will address the problems associated with Prader Willi Syndrome, such as:

• Poor growth


• Low muscle tone


• Obesity


• Delayed physical and mental development


• Speech and behavioral problems

 Prader Willi Syndrome Pictures

Is a sinus infection contagious ?

Is a sinus infection contagious ?
Sinusitis, commonly known as Sinus, is an inflammation of tissue lining the sinuses. In normal individuals, sinuses are filled with air but when they get blocked and get filled with fluid. This causes germs including bacteria, viruses and fungi to grow leading to infection.

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Is a sinus infection contagious?

Sinusitis caused from viral infections is contagious whereas those caused from bacteria are usually not. Common cold caused from viruses cause nasal congestion which over a time turns into sinus infection. These infections are highly contagious and are easily transmitted to the person who comes in contact with them.

Generally bacterial sinusitis is a result of complications in viral upper respiratory infections. Bacteria present in nose and throat find their path all to the sinus passages causing inflammation in tissues lining sinuses and nasal. These bacteria can also be transmitted to other person but will not be infectious unless right conditions exist.

Risk factors

Nearly 37 million Americans report at least one episode of sinus every year. People with following conditions are at a greater risk of developing sinusitis:

·         Blocked drainage ducts

·         Nasal polyps

·         Swollen nasal mucous membrane

·         Conditions which expose individual to higher risk of infections like immune deficiencies and medicines to suppress immune system.

Sinusitis is mostly caused due to infections but it can also be caused from allergies and irritation to sinuses. Generally sinus infection occurs due to irritation to nasal passages caused from environmental pollens. Irritants like chemicals, over-the-counter medications nasal sprays or drops and illegal substances taken through the nose.

Sinus infection among children is mainly from allergies and illness from other children at schools, play time, bottle drinking, pacifiers and smoke in the environments. In adults, sinus infection is caused due to infections and smoking.

Types of sinus infections

Sinusitis is of following types:

1.       Acute sinusitis: In this type, person develops cold-like symptoms like runny and stuffy nose, facial pain which lasts for almost 15 days. This infection goes away within a month.

2.       Sub acute sinusitis: In this sub acute sinus, the inflammation goes away in 1 to 2 months and so do the symptoms of sinus.

3.       Chronic sinusitis: In Chronic sinusitis the symptoms last for at least 2 months.

4.       Recurrent Sinusitis: As the name defines, when a person gets several sinusitis attacks in a year, it is categorized into recurrent sinus infection.

Signs and symptoms of Sinusitis

The most common signs of sinus infection include headache, nasal stuffiness, sore throat, facial tenderness, pain and pressure and fever. Symptoms of acute and chronic sinusitis vary to some extent, each of which is listed below.

Acute sinus infection is diagnosed if the person has more than two symptoms along with thick yellow or green discharge from the nose. Symptoms of acute sinusitis are:

·         Stuffy nose

·         Facial pain

·         Nasal discharge

·         Cough and  congestion

·         Loss of smell

·         Fever

·         Dental pain

·         Fatigue

·         Bad breath

People having symptoms from more than 2 months are diagnosed with chronic sinusitis. Following are the symptoms of chronic sinus infection:

·         Facial congestion

·         Blocked nasal

·         Pus in nasal cavity

·         Discharge from the nose

·         Fever

·         Headache and fatigue

·         Dental pain and bad breath

Diagnosis of sinus infection

Sinusitis is diagnosed mostly by the physical examination of symptoms. To examine sinus, the doctor may feel and press the patient’s sinus for softness. Also the doctor may tap your teeth to check for paranasal sinus.

The tests for sinusitis are mucus culture, nasal endoscopy, allergy testing, X-ray and CT scan of sinuses.

 Treatment

Depending upon the severity of sinus infection, treatment may vary.

Treatment for acute sinusitis: treatments including decongestants such as Sudafed and steam inhalations are the most commonly given for acute sinus infection. Decongestant nasal drops and sprays are also effective in treating the symptoms. These medications should not be taken beyond their recommended usage i.e. up to 7 days or so because beyond this these medications tend to increase congestion. Antibiotics for acute sinusitis are given for 11 to 15 days. Within 15 days of treatment with antibiotics, the symptoms usually disappear.

Treatment for chronic sinusitis: Warm moist air is a great way of reducing sinus congestion. Use of saline nose drops and vaporizer or inhaling steam are the most methods of treating chronic sinus infection. In order to relieve nasal pain, warm compresses are used. Non-prescription decongestant nasal drops and sprays are widely used for removing symptoms. In some cases doctor may also prescribe oral steroids.

In a general sense, to manage sinus infection it is important to address factors that trigger your sinus. Know the allergic factor and immediately get off it. People suffering from chronic or recurrent sinus infection and for those whom medications do not seem to work might also be asked to have nasal surgery.

Bubbles in Urine

Bubbles in Urine
Presence of bubbles in urine can be an indication of several conditions in the body.  It is certain that bubbles in urine after urination may panic anyone who experiences it. But the good news is that it is not always alarming for bubbles to be present in urine.

Infrequent episodes may not be a serious problem. It is also possible that there’s no problem at all and on the other hand it can be a serious issue too. Bubbles in urine can be from mixing urine with the cleaning chemicals used in toilets or can be sign of something as major as kidney disease.

Normal Conditions of bubbles in urine:

Pregnancy: It is found that in few cases pregnant women experience kidney enlargement which may result in bubble formation. In addition to this, kidney does extra work of filtering higher amounts of amino acid during pregnancy. If the amount of amino acids become more than the ability of renal tubules to absorb amino acids then protein may pass through the urine. Presence of protein in urine is a cause of bubble formation in urine.

Mild dehydration: This is yet another reason that causes urine to bubble. Dehydration is   caused from drinking inadequate amounts of water and the symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, headache, fatigue and reduced urine output which can be sometimes frothy. Dehydration causes urine to concentrate which further leads to bubble formation. The fact that diabetic patients experience dehydration a lot, it is most likely that they experience bubbles in urine. Drinking adequate amount of water or fluids can eliminate dehydration.

Mild dehydration: This is yet another reason that causes urine to bubble. Dehydration is   caused from drinking inadequate amounts of water and the symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, headache, fatigue and reduced urine output which can be sometimes frothy. Dehydration causes urine to concentrate which further leads to bubble formation. The fact that diabetic patients experience dehydration a lot, it is most likely that they experience bubbles in urine. Drinking adequate amount of water or fluids can eliminate dehydration.

Menstruation: It is quite normal for women to experience bubbles in urine during             menstruation. The reason for bubble formation is mainly dehydration which can be rectified by consuming plenty of water.

Rapid Urination: Going for urinating rapidly also causes bubbles.

Serious conditions causing bubbles in urine

It is equally possible that bubbles in urine are due to abnormal conditions like kidney failure and urinary tract infections.

Proteinuria: This is the most common reason that people experience bubbles in urine. Presence of high levels of protein in urine may be from intake of protein drinks containing large quantities of protein, protein supplements for body building, large fishes or any other source of protein. When body ingests excess amounts of protein, the extra amount is eliminated through urine. Usually in such a case infrequent bubbles occur.

Whereas frequent bubbles in urine can be a serious problem as it mostly associated with kidney problems or medical condition of body’s inability to metabolize protein. A normal healthy kidney removes all waste products from the body leaving only those required by the body. However, if the kidney is damaged or kidney disease in which glomeruli doesn’t function properly, protein from the blood enters the urine.

If the cause of bubbles in urine is due to excess of protein then protein intake should be reduced immediately.

Urinary tract infections: This is another cause that individuals can experience bubbles in their urine. In this, bubbles are formed when microorganisms enter into sterile urinary tract and release gas. If this is the reason of bubbles in urine then individuals might also experience pain and burning sensation.

This condition should be taken to a doctor who can analyze urine and determine if urinary tract infection is present.

Vesicocolic Fistula: Fistula is an abnormal connection between two organs or blood cells. In the current context it is the abnormal connection formed between urinary bladder and colon. This is most commonly seen is men as compared to women in a ratio 3:1. Swelling or inflammation in bladder occurs on the base of urinary bladder and fluids build up under the skin. The bubbles present in this fluid are released into the urine resulting in bubbles in urine.

Foamy urine: Sometimes it becomes difficult to differentiate between foamy urine and bubbles in urine. Foamy urine is nothing but urine which comes on forceful urination. The foamy appearance is a result of excess air which gets trapped in the urine. But getting foamy urine constantly might be a sign of protein in urine or kidney disease. It is important to note that bubbles in early morning urination can be due to the fact that morning urine is comparatively more concentrated which might cause bubbles.

Kidney disease: As discussed earlier, kidneys are responsible for urine formation and any damage or infection can cause protein to enter into the urine. Protein in urine results in bubble formation and more frequent urge to urinate.

If you witness bubbles in urine infrequently then it is perhaps not the matter of overly concern. However frequent bubbles in urine or foamy urine should be immediately reported to the physician particularly if this condition is accompanied by symptoms of kidney disease like swellings in abdomen, feet and hands.

Is a stye contagious?

Is a stye contagious?
Stye, also known as Hordeolum, is a swelling on eyelids caused by staphylococcal bacteria that live on the skin surface itself. It is a small painful lump that occurs inside or outside of the eyelid. This lump is nothing but a pus-filled abscess.

These are minor bacterial infections and do not last for long. Glands around the edge of eyelid are clogged and swell until reddish boil or lump appears. A normal individual can expect 2 to 3 styes in their lifetime but there are some who can experience stye very frequently. Styes are irritating and painful but are not serious.

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1 Is it contagious?

2 Symptoms of eye stye

3 Diagnosis of stye

4 Treatment of stye

5 Eye Stye Pictures

Types of stye
Stye is broadly classified into two types: External and Internal. Both are basically caused by staphylococcus bacteria which are present on the skin and can reproduce to cause infections.

External stye is the most common form of stye in which the abscess occurs at the edge of eyelid. The infection starts from the root of eyelash (the follicle) which consequently increases and cause swelling. Usually staph infection begins from the area near follicles known as gland of Moll and Zeiss.  The person feels pain and discomfort when stye swells and infects other glands in and around the eyelid. In this stage a reddish abscess filled with pus is formed.

External stye is usually formed in the upper eyelid but can also develop in lower eyelid. It is most likely that a small infected portion of the eyelid swells and very rarely entire eyelid is inflamed.

Internal stye is the other type of stye and is comparatively more serious form but less common. It starts from the gland called meibomian buried beneath the surface of eyelid. Since it is present in the central part of eyelid, it is much more painful than external stye. Unlike external stye in which pus drains on its own, this does not happen in internal hordeolum.

Is it contagious?

It is imperative to note that both external and internal stye are not at all contagious and are not the sign of cancer.

Symptoms of eye stye

The symptoms of stye can easily be identified visually. Following are the possible symptoms of this infection:

• Red, swollen bump inside or outside the eyelid


• Gritty and irritating sensation


• Tearing of eye


• Sensitivity to light


• Tender swelling of eyelid


• Pain in the eye

Aforementioned symptoms are usually accompanied by blurred vision and feeling of some foreign matter present in the eye. People with internal stye also develop fever and chills. Generally people get single stye but there are cases when people develop more than one stye at a time. A very few people get stye chronically and develop infection repeatedly.

It is possible that infection starts from the eye and expands gradually causing infection in many eyelash follicles. Infection might also spread in the tissues of eye and this result in increased swelling. A stye developed like this or the one that drains pus into the eye should be immediately reported to the doctor.

Diagnosis of stye

The diagnosis of stye is mostly dependent on physical examination of the eyelid. The doctor will closely examine the appearance of the eyelid. Apart from serious stye which may require drain and medical aid, stye can be easily diagnosed at home.

Treatment of stye

Symptoms of stye usually go away within a week provided that pus inside the lump gets drained without any help. Since a mild stye infection is not a serious condition, home treatment to treat infected pimples can be used for the ordinary stye. If the person has recurrent or severe stye that lasts for more than a week, antibiotic ointment or drops are used. Antibiotic pills can also be used to treat hordeolum.

In order to drain the pus and relief pain, a clean cloth can be used as compress. Alternatively warm teabags and hard boiled eggs can also be used as compress. Dip the compress in fairly warm water and wring it to drain excess water.  Apply this on to the affected part of the eye for 12-20 minutes thrice a day. This method of treatment will help relief symptoms rapidly. The symptoms will go away in a week or two.

Wash the eye thoroughly many times a day to prevent styes from recurring. If you have internal stye that does not drain with compress, do not try to drain it yourself or squeeze it. This will cause infection to spread and may cause cellulitis. In such a case, antibiotics and sterile treatment becomes necessary. If the symptoms persists without any sign of improvement then seek medical attention immediately and get your eye checked.

It becomes necessary to consult a doctor if swelling does not seem to subside within few days or a week. Also if the swelling in eyelid is causing vision problem then seek medical care immediately. Moreover if you have pain in the eye or you get styes frequently then medical advice is important.

Eye Stye Pictures