Information On Fumaric Acid
Fumaric Acid (acidulant, antidermatitic,
antihepatocarcinogenic, antioxidant, antipsoriac, antitumor) is used as
a raw material for pharmaceutics, plasticizers, synthetic resins, and
also used as foodstuff additive. Chemically it is an unsaturated
dicarbonic acid and is part of the citric acid cycle.
As the citric acid cycle is the center for energy production within
the cell, fumaric acid must be present in every cell of the body, being
a by-product of the cycle. It is therefore not something that is
foreign to the body. A lack of fumaric acid leads to the accumulation
of half-products. These products, we believe, are responsible for the
skin lesions in patients with Psoriasis. In administering the lacking
fumaric acid slowly to the body, the Psoriasis can come to a halt. The
administration of the acid should be slow, as it is a metabolically
very active substance. However the administration of too little fumaric
acid will result in a therapeutic failure, whereas too much can lead to
heat waves and a drop in blood sugar. This is a very rare occurrence.
One very promising treatment for Psoriasis is based on the use of
fumaric acid. Clinical investigations with this unsaturated dibasic
acid have been conducted in University Medical Centers in Switzerland,
West Germany, Japan and the Netherlands and the results are promising.
Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of malic acid and an intermediate in
the Krebs citric acid cycle. Fumaric acid has been used both topically
and orally and a titration protocol has been suggested.
It should be clear from the start that "Fumaric Acid" per se, is
useless, but that "Fumaric Acid Monoethylester" and "Fumaric Acid
di-Methylester" are the proper medicines.
Those who sell "Fumaric Acid" alone for the treatment of Psoriasis
are thereby misleading with a substance that will be of no effect
whatsoever by itself.
Psoriasis is regarded as a disease resulting from a metabolic error,
possibly a defect of fumaric acid metabolism. Fumaric acid is the trans
isomer of malic acid. It is an important compound biochemically since
it enters into the citric acid cycle. Fumarate is a by-product at
certain stages in the arginine-urea cycle and in purine biosynthesis.
Since the citric acid cycle is the center for energy production with
the cell, fumaric acid must be present in every cell of the body as it
is a by-product of the cycle. Although fumaric acid is not a foreign
substance, it is metabolically very active.
In healthy individuals, fumaric acid is formed in the skin when it
is exposed to sunlight (from the ultra-violet part of the spectrum).
Apparently, patients suffering from Psoriasis have a biochemical defect
in which they cannot produce enough fumaric acid and need prolonged
exposure to the sun to produce it. This is one reason why patients
frequently notice an improvement of their skin condition in the summer
months and also explains, in part, the efficacy of PUVA treatment.
This protocol for the treatment of Psoriasis with fumaric acid
capsules is based on several clinical studies conducted at the Beau
Reveil Clinic in Leysin, Switzerland and the West End Hospital in den
Haage, Netherlands. Studies were reported in the following journals:
Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd., Gann, Med. Msch., Biochem. Pharm., Arch.
Derm. Res. and Arch. Derm. Forsch.
The therapeutic effect and the side effects of fumaric acid
derivatives used in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris have been subjects
of controversy for more than 30 years. A total of 83 patients with
severe psoriasis vulgaris were investigated, long-term open (12 months)
clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of the
fumaric acid ester preparations Fumaderm initial and Fumaderm. The
antipsoriatic effect of the fumaric acid derivatives was clear, with a
mean reduction of 76% in PASI. Adverse events were noted in 62% of the
patients (mainly flushing and gastrointestinal complaints). These were
dose-dependent and decreased in frequency in the course of the study.
No severe adverse events occurred. We believe that of fumaric acid
derivatives are indicated in cases of severe therapy-resistant
psoriasis to and can be used even for long-term application.
Fumaric acid ester (FAE) therapy has proved to be safe and effective
in patients with severe psoriasis vulgaris. This treatment was
introduced nearly 30 years ago, but is only now gaining renewed
interest among dermatologists. FAE therapy is licensed in Germany and
registration is pending in many European countries. Multicentre trials
have confirmed the beneficial effect of FAE in psoriasis and have
defined the spectrum of its adverse effects. Although the mode of
action of FAEs in the treatment of psoriasis is not fully understood,
recent experimental data point towards a skewing of the Th1-dominated
T-cell response in psoriasis to a TH1-like pattern, and inhibition of
proliferation of keratinocytes.
The inhibitory effect of fumaric acid (FA) on hepatocarcinogenesis
was examined in mice fed thioacetamide (TAA). A group of male ICR mice
was fed TAA at a level of 0.035% in the diet for 40 weeks and then fed
a basal diet for 48 weeks. Hepatic tumors developed in 11 of the 24
animals of this group and they were diagnosed as hepatocellular
carcinomas. However, cirrhotic lesions and the enlargement of
hepatocyte nucleoli were not as marked in mice as in previous findings
in rats fed TAA. The effect of FA on the carcinogenesis was examined in
a group of mice fed this compound at a level of 1% in a basal diet
after ingestion of TAA. The inhibitory effect of FA on TAA
carcinogenesis was so marked that no hepatic carcinomas were found in
any of the 15 animals fed FA in combination with TAA.
Known Hazards: The substance irritates the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract.
Fumaric Acid (acidulant, antidermatitic,
antihepatocarcinogenic, antioxidant, antipsoriac, antitumor) is used as
a raw material for pharmaceutics, plasticizers, synthetic resins, and
also used as foodstuff additive. Chemically it is an unsaturated
dicarbonic acid and is part of the citric acid cycle.
As the citric acid cycle is the center for energy production within
the cell, fumaric acid must be present in every cell of the body, being
a by-product of the cycle. It is therefore not something that is
foreign to the body. A lack of fumaric acid leads to the accumulation
of half-products. These products, we believe, are responsible for the
skin lesions in patients with Psoriasis. In administering the lacking
fumaric acid slowly to the body, the Psoriasis can come to a halt. The
administration of the acid should be slow, as it is a metabolically
very active substance. However the administration of too little fumaric
acid will result in a therapeutic failure, whereas too much can lead to
heat waves and a drop in blood sugar. This is a very rare occurrence.
One very promising treatment for Psoriasis is based on the use of
fumaric acid. Clinical investigations with this unsaturated dibasic
acid have been conducted in University Medical Centers in Switzerland,
West Germany, Japan and the Netherlands and the results are promising.
Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of malic acid and an intermediate in
the Krebs citric acid cycle. Fumaric acid has been used both topically
and orally and a titration protocol has been suggested.
It should be clear from the start that "Fumaric Acid" per se, is
useless, but that "Fumaric Acid Monoethylester" and "Fumaric Acid
di-Methylester" are the proper medicines.
Those who sell "Fumaric Acid" alone for the treatment of Psoriasis
are thereby misleading with a substance that will be of no effect
whatsoever by itself.
Psoriasis is regarded as a disease resulting from a metabolic error,
possibly a defect of fumaric acid metabolism. Fumaric acid is the trans
isomer of malic acid. It is an important compound biochemically since
it enters into the citric acid cycle. Fumarate is a by-product at
certain stages in the arginine-urea cycle and in purine biosynthesis.
Since the citric acid cycle is the center for energy production with
the cell, fumaric acid must be present in every cell of the body as it
is a by-product of the cycle. Although fumaric acid is not a foreign
substance, it is metabolically very active.
In healthy individuals, fumaric acid is formed in the skin when it
is exposed to sunlight (from the ultra-violet part of the spectrum).
Apparently, patients suffering from Psoriasis have a biochemical defect
in which they cannot produce enough fumaric acid and need prolonged
exposure to the sun to produce it. This is one reason why patients
frequently notice an improvement of their skin condition in the summer
months and also explains, in part, the efficacy of PUVA treatment.
This protocol for the treatment of Psoriasis with fumaric acid
capsules is based on several clinical studies conducted at the Beau
Reveil Clinic in Leysin, Switzerland and the West End Hospital in den
Haage, Netherlands. Studies were reported in the following journals:
Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd., Gann, Med. Msch., Biochem. Pharm., Arch.
Derm. Res. and Arch. Derm. Forsch.
The therapeutic effect and the side effects of fumaric acid
derivatives used in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris have been subjects
of controversy for more than 30 years. A total of 83 patients with
severe psoriasis vulgaris were investigated, long-term open (12 months)
clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of the
fumaric acid ester preparations Fumaderm initial and Fumaderm. The
antipsoriatic effect of the fumaric acid derivatives was clear, with a
mean reduction of 76% in PASI. Adverse events were noted in 62% of the
patients (mainly flushing and gastrointestinal complaints). These were
dose-dependent and decreased in frequency in the course of the study.
No severe adverse events occurred. We believe that of fumaric acid
derivatives are indicated in cases of severe therapy-resistant
psoriasis to and can be used even for long-term application.
Fumaric acid ester (FAE) therapy has proved to be safe and effective
in patients with severe psoriasis vulgaris. This treatment was
introduced nearly 30 years ago, but is only now gaining renewed
interest among dermatologists. FAE therapy is licensed in Germany and
registration is pending in many European countries. Multicentre trials
have confirmed the beneficial effect of FAE in psoriasis and have
defined the spectrum of its adverse effects. Although the mode of
action of FAEs in the treatment of psoriasis is not fully understood,
recent experimental data point towards a skewing of the Th1-dominated
T-cell response in psoriasis to a TH1-like pattern, and inhibition of
proliferation of keratinocytes.
The inhibitory effect of fumaric acid (FA) on hepatocarcinogenesis
was examined in mice fed thioacetamide (TAA). A group of male ICR mice
was fed TAA at a level of 0.035% in the diet for 40 weeks and then fed
a basal diet for 48 weeks. Hepatic tumors developed in 11 of the 24
animals of this group and they were diagnosed as hepatocellular
carcinomas. However, cirrhotic lesions and the enlargement of
hepatocyte nucleoli were not as marked in mice as in previous findings
in rats fed TAA. The effect of FA on the carcinogenesis was examined in
a group of mice fed this compound at a level of 1% in a basal diet
after ingestion of TAA. The inhibitory effect of FA on TAA
carcinogenesis was so marked that no hepatic carcinomas were found in
any of the 15 animals fed FA in combination with TAA.
Known Hazards: The substance irritates the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract.
- Helmut Christ, M.D. The Surprising Psoriasis Treatment!!! The Arthritis Trust
- Peter
Altmeyer, Roland Hartwig, Ulrich Matthes: Efficacy and safety profile
of fumaric acid esters in oral long-term therapy of severe psoriasis
vulgaris. An investigation of 83 patients. Hautarzt 47 (1996) 3, 190-196 - Mrowietz
U, Christophers E, Altmeyer P. Treatment of severe psoriasis with
fumaric acid esters: scientific background and guidelines for
therapeutic use. The German Fumaric Acid Ester Consensus Conference.
Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 7,
24105 Kiel, Germany. urowietz@dermatology.uni-kiel.de - Akao
M, Kuroda K. Inhibitory effect of fumaric acid on hepatocarcinogenesis
by thioacetamide in mice. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1990 Jul;38(7):2012-4
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